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<meta name="description" content="国家（States）是由领土ã€äººæ°‘（民æ—，居民）ã€æ–‡åŒ–和政府四个è¦ç´ 组æˆçš„，国家也是政治地ç†å¦åè¯ã€‚从广义的角度，国家是指拥有共åŒçš„è¯è¨€ã€æ–‡åŒ–ã€ç§æ—ã€è¡€ç»Ÿã€é¢†åœŸã€æ”¿åºœæˆ–者历å²çš„社会群体。从ç‹ä¹‰çš„角度，国家是一定范围内的人群所形æˆçš„å…±åŒä½“å½¢å¼ã€‚在社会科å¦å’Œäººæ–‡åœ°ç†èŒƒç•´ï¼Œå›½å®¶æ˜¯æŒ‡è¢«äººæ°‘ã€æ–‡åŒ–ã€è¯è¨€ã€åœ°ç†åŒºåˆ«å‡ºæ¥çš„领土；被政治自治æƒåŒºåˆ«å‡ºæ¥çš„一å—领地；一个领地或者邦国的人民；跟特定的人有关è”的地区。一般国家行政管ç†å½“局是国家的象å¾ï¼Œå®ƒæ˜¯ä¸€ç§æ‹¥æœ‰...">
<title>国家（政治地ç†å¦åè¯ï¼ˆå›½åœŸã€æ°‘æ—ã€æ–‡åŒ–和政府））_百度百科</title>
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<b class="polysemant-list-lemma-title">国家</b>是一个<a href="/item/%E7%99%BE%E5%BA%A6%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%EF%BC%9A%E5%A4%9A%E4%B9%89%E8%AF%8D" target="_blank">多义è¯</a>，请在下列<a href="/item/%E4%B9%89%E9%A1%B9" target="_blank">义项</a>上选择æµè§ˆï¼ˆ<a href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6?force=1" target="_blank">å…±14个义项</a>）<span class="polysemant-separator"></span>
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<li class="item">â–ª<span class="selected">政治地ç†å¦åè¯ï¼ˆå›½åœŸã€æ°‘æ—ã€æ–‡åŒ–和政府）</span></li>
<li class="item">â–ª<a title="Hannes Appell导演作å“" href='/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6/5189651#viewPageContent'>Hannes Appell导演作å“</a></li>
<li class="item">â–ª<a title="YHboys组åˆå•æ›²" href='/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6/22144315#viewPageContent'>YHboys组åˆå•æ›²</a></li>
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<li class="item">â–ª<a title="陈ç±è·¯ç¿»å”±æŒæ›²" href='/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6/17842236#viewPageContent'>陈ç±è·¯ç¿»å”±æŒæ›²</a></li>
<li class="item">â–ª<a title="ä¸å›½ç¾Žæœ¯å®¶å会会员" href='/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6/905908#viewPageContent'>ä¸å›½ç¾Žæœ¯å®¶å会会员</a></li>
<li class="item">â–ª<a title="æŽéªé©¹æ¼”å”±æŒæ›²" href='/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6/5032111#viewPageContent'>æŽéªé©¹æ¼”å”±æŒæ›²</a></li>
<li class="item">▪<a title="作家出版社出版图书" href='/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6/14680036#viewPageContent'>作家出版社出版图书</a></li>
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<li class="item">â–ª<a title="何建明长篇纪实文å¦" href='/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6/5659218#viewPageContent'>何建明长篇纪实文å¦</a></li>
<li class="item">â–ª<a title="邓文怡ã€é‚“力玮演唱æŒæ›²" href='/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6/23137295#viewPageContent'>邓文怡ã€é‚“力玮演唱æŒæ›²</a></li>
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<dd class="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title">
<span class="lemma-pinyin" >
<span class="text">[guó jiÄ]</span>
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<h1 >国家</h1>
<h2>（政治地ç†å¦åè¯ï¼ˆå›½åœŸã€æ°‘æ—ã€æ–‡åŒ–和政府））</h2>
<a href="javascript:;" class="edit-lemma cmn-btn-hover-blue cmn-btn-28 j-edit-link"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
<a class="lock-lemma" nslog-type="10003105" target="_blank" href="javascript:;" title="é”定"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_lock-lemma"></em>é”定</a>
<a href="/planet/talk?lemmaId=17205" target="_blank" class="lemma-discussion cmn-btn-hover-blue cmn-btn-28 j-discussion-link" nslog-type="90000102"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_discussion-solid"></em>讨论<span class="num">999</span></a>
</dd>
</dl><div class="promotion-declaration">
</div><div class="lemma-summary" label-module="lemmaSummary">
<div class="para" label-module="para">国家（States）是由领土ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91/122241" data-lemmaid="122241">人民</a>（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F/665" data-lemmaid="665">æ°‘æ—</a>，居民）ã€æ–‡åŒ–å’Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C/1416952" data-lemmaid="1416952">政府</a>四个è¦ç´ 组æˆçš„，国家也是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6">政治地ç†å¦</a>åè¯ã€‚从<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B9%89/5393063" data-lemmaid="5393063">广义</a>的角度，国家是指拥有共åŒçš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80/72744" data-lemmaid="72744">è¯è¨€</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96/23624" data-lemmaid="23624">文化</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F/2904140" data-lemmaid="2904140">ç§æ—</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E7%BB%9F/14631" data-lemmaid="14631">血统</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F/17088" data-lemmaid="17088">领土</a>ã€æ”¿åºœæˆ–者<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2/360" data-lemmaid="360">历å²</a>çš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93/3319554" data-lemmaid="3319554">社会群体</a>。从ç‹ä¹‰çš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A7%92%E5%BA%A6/32884" data-lemmaid="32884">角度</a>，国家是一定范围内的人群所形æˆçš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93/7790060" data-lemmaid="7790060">å…±åŒä½“</a>å½¢å¼ã€‚</div><div class="para" label-module="para">在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6/18904321" data-lemmaid="18904321">社会科å¦</a>å’Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86/333213" data-lemmaid="333213">人文地ç†</a>范畴，国家是指被人民ã€æ–‡åŒ–ã€è¯è¨€ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86/176780" data-lemmaid="176780">地ç†</a>区别出æ¥çš„领土；被政治自治æƒåŒºåˆ«å‡ºæ¥çš„一å—领地；一个<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%B0/396401" data-lemmaid="396401">领地</a>或者<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%82%A6%E5%9B%BD/10583094" data-lemmaid="10583094">邦国</a>的人民；跟特定的人有关è”的地区。</div><div class="para" label-module="para">一般国家行政管ç†å½“局是国家的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%81/79485" data-lemmaid="79485">象å¾</a>，它是一ç§æ‹¥æœ‰<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86/569950" data-lemmaid="569950">æ²»ç†</a>一个社会的æƒåŠ›çš„国家机构，在一定的领土内拥有外部和内部的主æƒã€‚</div><div class="para" label-module="para">国家概念：区域划分，有行政åˆæ³•æ€§ï¼Œä¹Ÿå°±æ˜¯åˆæ³•æƒåŠ›ã€‚一个国家åˆæ³•æ€§æ˜¯æŒ‡ä¸€ä¸ªæ”¿æƒçš„ç†æ€§æ ‡å‡†ã€‚<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7/576586" data-lemmaid="576586">ç†æ€§</a>æ ‡å‡†æ˜¯æŒ‡å¸æ³•å®¡æ ¸æ ‡å‡†ï¼Œæ³•åˆ¶å»ºç«‹æ ‡å‡†ï¼Œå›½å®¶å¯ä»¥å®¹çº³å¤šæ°‘æ—。</div><div class="para" label-module="para">æ°‘æ—概念：已形æˆç‹¬ç‰¹çš„文化，包括è¯è¨€ã€æ–‡å—ã€ä¿¡ä»°ã€å´‡å°šã€ä¹ ä¿—ã€æœé¥°ã€ä½©é¥°ã€å»ºç‘é£Žæ ¼ã€é¥®é£Ÿä¹ 惯ã€å¿Œè®³ç‰ç‰ã€‚æ°‘æ—也å¯ä»¥å›½å®¶åŒ–。</div><div class="para" label-module="para">在外è¯ä¸å¦‚英è¯æˆ–法è¯ï¼Œå›½å®¶ä¸€è¯æœ‰å¤šç§è§£é‡Šï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚地ç†å±‚é¢ï¼Œæ”¿æ²»å±‚é¢ï¼Œæ°‘æ—层é¢ï¼Œè¿™ä¸‰ç§å±‚é¢å„有代表国家的å•è¯ã€‚</div>
</div>
<div class="configModuleBanner">
</div><div class="basic-info cmn-clearfix">
<dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-left">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">ä¸æ–‡å</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
国家
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">外文å</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
country（英è¯ï¼‰
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">定 义</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6">政治地ç†å¦</a>åè¯
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">å½¢ å¼</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
由国土ã€äººæ°‘ã€æ–‡åŒ–和政府组æˆ
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">ä¿„ è¯</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
Страна
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">法 è¯</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
Pays
</dd>
</dl><dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-right">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">西ç牙è¯</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
PaÃs
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">è‘¡è„牙è¯</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
PaÃs
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">å¾· è¯</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
Länder
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">阿拉伯è¯</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
بلد
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">æ„大利è¯</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
Paesi<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="1" data-ctrmap=":1,">
[1]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[1]_6365277"> </a>
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">æ—¥ è¯</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
国（kuni）<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="2" data-ctrmap=":2,">
[2]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[2]_6365277"> </a>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="lemmaWgt-lemmaCatalog">
<div class="lemma-catalog">
<h2 class="block-title">目录</h2>
<div class="catalog-list column-4">
<ol>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">1</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1">国家起æº</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1_1">相关å¦è¯´</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1_2">ç†è®ºæ€è·¯</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">2</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2">国家体制</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">3</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3">国家è¦ç´ </a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">4</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4">国家分类</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level1">
<span class="index">5</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#5">政æƒå½¢å¼</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">6</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6">国家èŒèƒ½</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">7</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7">基本æƒåˆ©</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7_1">独立æƒ</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7_2">å¹³ç‰æƒ</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7_3">自ä¿æƒ</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7_4">管辖æƒ</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level1">
<span class="index">8</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8">国家åå•</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8_1">åå•å†…容</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8_2">国家和地区</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">9</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#9">祖国与国家</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">10</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#10">国家与政府</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">11</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#11">东西方概念</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level1">
<span class="index">12</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#12">马克æ€ä¸»ä¹‰</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#12_1">客观规律</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#12_2">阶级统治</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#12_3">国家是机器</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">13</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#13">相关å言</a></span>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub6365277_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="国家起æº" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>国家起æº</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="1" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub6365277_1_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="相关å¦è¯´" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="1-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>相关å¦è¯´</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">关于国家的起æºï¼Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2/360" data-lemmaid="360">历å²</a>上å¦è¯´çº·çºï¼Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8E%AB%E8%A1%B7%E4%B8%80%E6%98%AF/1518333" data-lemmaid="1518333">莫衷一是</a>。有自然说ã€å¥‘约说ã€æ¦åŠ›è¯´ã€ç§æœ‰åˆ¶è¯´ã€æ°æ—说ç‰ã€‚å…¶ä¸ï¼Œæœ€å…·æœ‰ä»£è¡¨æ€§çš„有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A5%91%E7%BA%A6%E8%AE%BA">契约论</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A5%9E%E6%9D%83%E8%AE%BA">神æƒè®º</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E8%AE%BA">暴力论</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">æ®è‡ªç„¶è¯´ä¹‹å€¡å¯¼è€…<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7/26769" data-lemmaid="26769">亚里士多德</a>所言：“人生æ¥å°±æ˜¯æ”¿æ²»çš„动物。â€å…¶å›½å®¶ä¹‹èµ·æºï¼Œå³ç”±äºŽäººç±»ç¹æ®–所需的一对男女以åŠç”Ÿæ¥å°±ä¸ºä¸»äººä¸Žå¥´éš¶çš„相互ä¿å…¨æ¬²æ±‚，自然而然地构æˆå®¶åºï¼Œç”±æ¤é€æ¥å½¢æˆä¸€ä¸ªè‡ªç„¶æ‘。人类天性å‘往美好生活，为了满足这ç§æœ¬æ€§æ¬²æœ›ï¼Œç»§è€Œåœ¨è‡ªç„¶æ‘的基础上自å‘地建立一个共åŒä½“。这一顺其自然å‘展形æˆçš„å…±åŒä½“，就是国家。（亚里士多德《政治å¦ã€‹ç¬¬ä¸€å·ç¬¬äºŒç« ）</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">契约论是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B5%84%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD">资产阶级é©å‘½</a>时期最有影å“的国家å¦è¯´ï¼Œå¥‘约说之代表人物有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A0%BC%E8%80%81%E7%A7%80%E6%96%AF">æ ¼è€ç§€æ–¯</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9C%8D%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF">éœå¸ƒæ–¯</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B/22965" data-lemmaid="22965">洛克</a>ã€ç‰ï¼Œå°±ä¸åˆä»¥å¢æ¢è‘—之《社会契约论》最为典型，契约说概言之，å³â€œä¸€åˆ‡ç¤¾ä¼šä¹‹ä¸æœ€å¤è€çš„而åˆå”¯ä¸€è‡ªç„¶çš„社会，就是家åºâ€ã€‚å„个家åºæˆå‘˜ï¼Œä¸€ç»æˆå¹´è„±ç¦»å®¶åºä¾é™„关系åŽï¼Œä¸ºäº†ç»´æŠ¤å„自生æ¥å…·æœ‰çš„自由和平ç‰ï¼Œç¡®ä¿è‡ªèº«ç”Ÿå˜çš„利益，ç†æ™ºåœ°äºŽç¤¾ä¼šç”Ÿæ´»ä¸å‘生一ç§äº’相约æŸã€‚当社会å‘展需è¦äººä»¬å…±åŒå作，“以全部共åŒçš„力é‡æ¥ä¿éšœç»“åˆçš„人身和财富时â€ï¼Œâ€œæ¯ä¸ªç»“åˆè€…åŠå…¶è‡ªèº«çš„一切æƒåˆ©è½¬è®©ç»™æ•´ä¸ªé›†ä½“â€ï¼ŒåŽŸæ¥çš„约æŸå°±è½¬åŒ–æˆäº†â€œç¤¾ä¼šå¥‘约â€ã€‚结åˆè¡Œä¸ºäº§ç”Ÿçš„é“德与集体之共åŒä½“，“过去称为城邦，它的æˆå‘˜ç§°å®ƒä¸ºå›½å®¶ï¼Œå½“它是主动时，就称它为主æƒè€…â€ï¼ˆå¢æ¢ã€Šç¤¾ä¼šå¥‘约论》第一å·ï¼‰ã€‚契约论对资产阶级é©å‘½å’Œèµ„产阶级国家的建立都产生过é‡è¦å½±å“。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">神æƒè®ºè®¤ä¸ºï¼Œå›½å®¶æ˜¯æ ¹æ®ç¥žçš„æ„志建立的，国家的æƒåŠ›æ¥æºäºŽç¥žï¼ˆ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%A9">天</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D/8166375" data-lemmaid="8166375">上å¸</a>）。这ç§ç†è®ºåœ¨ä¸œè¥¿æ–¹<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A">奴隶社会</a>å’Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A/24324" data-lemmaid="24324">å°å»ºç¤¾ä¼š</a>都å 有é‡è¦åœ°ä½ã€‚ä¸å›½å¤ä»£ç¤¾ä¼šï¼Œæ™®é信奉“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%A9%E9%81%93">天é“</a>â€ï¼Œè¯´å›½å®¶çš„æƒåŠ›æ¥è‡ªâ€œå¤©å‘½â€ï¼ŒæŠŠå¸çŽ‹ç§°ä¸º<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AD%90">天å</a>。在欧洲<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA">ä¸ä¸–纪</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99">基ç£æ•™</a>的势力支é…了整个æ€æƒ³ç•Œï¼Œæ™®é宣扬“一切æƒåŠ›æ¥è‡ªç¥žâ€ã€â€œé™¤ä¸Šå¸å¤–ï¼Œåˆ«æ— æƒåŠ›â€çš„观点。集<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A5%9E%E6%9D%83/54220" data-lemmaid="54220">神æƒ</a>æ€æƒ³å¤§æˆçš„欧洲ä¸ä¸–纪ç»é™¢å“²å¦å®¶<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3">托马斯·阿奎那</a>是其代表。神æƒè®ºä»Ž16世纪开始衰è½ï¼Œä½†è‡³ä»Šåœ¨ä¸€äº›å›½å®¶ä»æœ‰å½±å“。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">暴力论认为，国家起æºäºŽæŽ 夺和å¾æœï¼Œå¼ºè°ƒæš´åŠ›æ˜¯ç¤¾ä¼šå‘å±•çš„å†³å®šæ€§å› ç´ ï¼Œæ”¿æ²»ä¸Šçš„å¥´å½¹å…ˆäºŽç»æµŽå‘展的过程，国家的产生ä¸æ˜¯ç¤¾ä¼šå†…部å‘展的结果。德国哲å¦å®¶E·K·<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9D%9C%E6%9E%97">æœæž—</a>ã€å¥¥åœ°åˆ©ç¤¾ä¼šå¦å®¶L·<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%BE%9A%E6%99%AE%E6%B4%9B%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87">龚普洛维奇</a>和德国ç†è®ºå®¶K·<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%80%83%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA">考茨基</a>都是暴力论者。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">æ°æ—说则为我国现代旧å²å®¶ä»£è¡¨äººç‰©<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A2%81%E5%90%AF%E8%B6%85/119077" data-lemmaid="119077">æ¢å¯è¶…</a>ä¹‹ä¸»å¼ ï¼Œä»»å…¬æ›°ï¼šâ€œå‡¡å›½å®¶çš†èµ·æºäºŽ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%8F%E6%97%8F/1700235" data-lemmaid="1700235">æ°æ—</a>，æ—长为一æ—之主ç¥è€…，åŒæ—¶å³ä¸ºä¸€æ—之政治首领。â€ï¼ˆæ¢å¯è¶…《历å²ä¸Šä¸å›½æ°‘æ—之观察》，载《新民丛报》第å…å五å·ï¼‰</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89"><b>马克æ€ä¸»ä¹‰</b></a><b>者关于国家起æºçš„ç†è®º</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">在国家出现之å‰ï¼Œäººç±»ç¤¾ä¼šå¤„于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A">原始社会</a>状æ€ã€‚<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF">æ©æ ¼æ–¯</a>指出，国家的出现是人类社会å‘展的必然结果。人类社会始终å˜åœ¨ç€ä¸¤ç§ç”Ÿäº§ï¼Œå³<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99">物质资料</a>和精神资料的生产（衣ã€é£Ÿã€ä½åŠç”Ÿäº§å·¥å…·çš„生产）和人类自身的生产（人ç§çš„ç¹è¡åŠå©šå§»å®¶åºå½¢å¼çš„å‘展）。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6">社会制度</a>å—这两ç§ç”Ÿäº§çš„制约。在物质资料生产水平低下时，以<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E7%BC%98%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB">血缘关系</a>为纽带的æ°æ—制度，æˆä¸ºå›½å®¶äº§ç”Ÿä»¥å‰å¯¹ç¤¾ä¼šè¿›è¡Œç®¡ç†çš„基本社会制度。éšç€ç‰©è´¨èµ„料生产的å‘展，人们在物质资料生产过程ä¸ç»“æˆçš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB">生产关系</a>é€æ¸ä»£æ›¿äº†<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E7%BC%98%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB/6705426" data-lemmaid="6705426">血缘关系</a>，使<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">社会结构</a>å‘ç”Ÿäº†æ ¹æœ¬å˜åŒ–。新的社会制度å–代了由血缘关系决定的æ°æ—制度，这就是具有公共æƒåŠ›çš„国家制度。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF">æ©æ ¼æ–¯</a>曾强调，国家是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E7%9F%9B%E7%9B%BE">阶级矛盾</a>ä¸å¯è°ƒå’Œçš„产物，指出原始社会制度瓦解是个é€æ¸çš„过程，物质资料生产的å‘展ã€å®¶åºç§æœ‰åˆ¶çš„出现和奴隶阶级的形æˆæ˜¯å›½å®¶äº§ç”Ÿçš„å‰æ。在原始社会，生产å‘展到社会第一次大分工（农业与畜牧业的分离）时，就已ç»æœ‰å¥´éš¶å‡ºçŽ°ï¼Œè€Œåœ¨<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E5%B7%A5">第二次社会大分工</a>（农业与手工业分离）时，奴隶已æˆä¸ºå†œä¸šã€æ‰‹å·¥ä¸šçš„主è¦åŠ³åŠ¨åŠ›ã€‚这时国家尚未出现，åªæœ‰é˜¶çº§å½¢æˆï¼Œå½“两个对立的阶级的矛盾达到ä¸å¯è°ƒå’Œæ—¶æ‰å‡ºçŽ°äº†å›½å®¶ã€‚国家是阶级矛盾ä¸å¯è°ƒå’Œçš„产物，是ç»æµŽä¸Šå 统治地ä½çš„阶级 “获得了镇压和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%89%A5%E5%89%8A">剥削</a>被压迫阶级的新手段â€ã€‚这是马克æ€ä¸»ä¹‰åŒä¸€åˆ‡<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%8F%E8%B5%84%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7">å°èµ„产阶级</a>和资产阶级æ€æƒ³å®¶å…³äºŽå›½å®¶èµ·æºç†è®ºçš„基本分æ§ç‚¹ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>ç†è®ºæ€è·¯</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">第一ç§æ€è·¯ï¼Œæ˜¯å¯¹çŽ°ä»£å›½å®¶ä¸‰ä¸ªç‰¹ç‚¹çš„总结（å³å›½å®¶èµ·æºçš„ä¸‰ä¸ªæ ‡å¿—ï¼‰ï¼š</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）统治者åŠå®˜å‘˜çš„专业化。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）æƒåŠ›ä¸å¿ƒçš„集ä¸åŒ–。åŒæ—¶åœ¨å…¨å›½èŒƒå›´å†…å½¢æˆäº†ç»Ÿä¸€çš„ã€é‡‘å—塔形的法律体系（在法制国家内：宪法—法律—法规—行政命令）或规范体系。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（3）政治æƒåŠ›çš„制度化ã€éžäººæ ¼åŒ–ã€éžå®¶æ—化。这首先æ„味ç€æŠ½è±¡çš„公共æƒåŠ›ä¸Žæ‰§æ”¿è€…的分离：执政者ä¸æ˜¯å›½å®¶ã€ä¸æ˜¯å…¬å…±æƒåŠ›æœ¬èº«ï¼Œè€Œåªæ˜¯å®ƒçš„一定时期内的执行者，或最多是代表。它还æ„味ç€å…¬å…±æƒåŠ›çš„è¡Œä½¿åº”ä¸¥æ ¼é™åˆ¶åœ¨æ³•å®šçš„范围之内，其è¿ç”¨åº”ä¸¥æ ¼éµå®ˆçŽ°è¡Œæ³•å¾‹ï¼Œè€Œéžç»Ÿæ²»è€…的个人好æ¶ï¼Œè¦åŽ»é™¤ä¸€åˆ‡ä¸ç¡®å®šæ€§ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">第二ç§æ€è·¯ï¼ŒæŒ‡å‡ºå›½å®¶æ˜¯åœ¨å¸‚民社会ä¸é€æ¸ç”Ÿé•¿èµ·æ¥çš„，是为了满足社会å‘展的需è¦è€Œè¢«äººåˆ›é€ 出æ¥çš„。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">它大致ç»åŽ†äº†ä»¥ä¸‹å‡ 个过程：（在西方）以希腊城邦为代表的城邦制国家（City—State，Etat—Cité）—å¸å›½ï¼ˆé©¬å…¶é¡¿æˆ–罗马）—现代民æ—国家（Nation—State, Etat— Nation）。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>国家体制</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD">åˆä¼—国</a>â€ã€â€œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD">共和国</a>â€ã€â€œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD">公国</a>â€ã€â€œè”åˆçŽ‹å›½â€è¿˜æœ‰â€œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD">è”åˆé…‹é•¿å›½</a>â€ã€â€œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6">è”邦</a>â€ã€â€œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94">邦è”</a>â€è¿™äº›å称，有的是侧é‡è¡¨è¾¾å›½å®¶çš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93">政体</a>（共和国ã€çŽ‹å›½å’Œå…¬å›½ï¼‰ï¼Œæœ‰çš„是侧é‡è¡¨è¾¾å›½å®¶çš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90">组æˆ</a>å½¢å¼ï¼ˆåˆä¼—国ã€è”邦ã€é‚¦è”），有的是兼而有之（è”åˆçŽ‹å›½ã€è”åˆé…‹é•¿å›½ï¼‰ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD">共和国</a>——Republic，民主政体的国家，国家<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96">元首</a>为全民选举出æ¥çš„总统或者主å¸ã€‚世界上大多数国家都使用这个å称æ¥ä½“现其政体特点，个别的也称作“民国â€ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD">åˆä¼—国</a>——United States，特指美国，现有的åˆä¼—国除<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD/125486" data-lemmaid="125486">美国</a>外还有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5/255798" data-lemmaid="255798">墨西哥</a>。å—é¢ä¸Šå¹¶æ— “共和国â€ä¹‹æ„也没有体现出其民主政体的特点，而是侧é‡è¡¨è¾¾ç¾Žå›½æ˜¯è”邦制国家，å¯ä»¥ç†è§£ä¸ºæ˜¯ç”±è‹¥å¹²â€œå·žâ€è”åˆç»„æˆã€‚这里的主题è¯States是å¤æ•°ï¼ŒæŒ‡çš„是国家的组æˆå•å…ƒã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD/40437" data-lemmaid="40437">王国</a>——Kingdom，以世è¢å›ä¸»<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B/78987" data-lemmaid="78987">国王</a>为元首的国家。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4ã€è”åˆçŽ‹å›½â€”—United Kingdom，特指<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD/144602" data-lemmaid="144602">英国</a>，å¯ä»¥ç†è§£ä¸ºç”±<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0">è‹±æ ¼å…°</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0">è‹æ ¼å…°</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB">å¨å°”士</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%97%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0">北爱尔兰</a>（历å²ä¸Šè¿˜åŒ…括有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0/40941" data-lemmaid="40941">爱尔兰</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6/121904" data-lemmaid="121904">å°åº¦</a>ç‰ç‰ï¼‰æ•°ä¸ªåœ°åŒºç»„æˆçš„一个王国。这里的主题è¯Kingdom是å•æ•°ï¼ŒæŒ‡çš„是整个国家，与åˆä¼—国的主题è¯çš„用法ä¸åŒã€‚å¦å¤–历å²ä¸Šä¹Ÿæœ‰è¿‡å…¶ä»–çš„è”åˆçŽ‹å›½ï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E7%BB%B4%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD">è‘¡è„ç‰™Â·å·´è¥¿Â·é˜¿å°”åŠ ç»´è”åˆçŽ‹å›½</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">5ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD">公国</a>——Principality或Dukedom，世è¢çš„å›ä¸»ç§°ä½œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5/53962" data-lemmaid="53962">公爵</a>而ä¸æ˜¯å›½çŽ‹ï¼ŒæŒ‰ç…§å°å»ºæ—¶ä»£çš„体系，公国的级别比王国è¦ä½Žã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">6ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD">大公国</a>——Grand Duchy，以<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC">大公</a>作为国家元首的国家，和公国åŒä¸ºå°å»ºåŽ†å²çš„产物。大公是地ä½ä»‹äºŽå›½çŽ‹å’Œå…¬çˆµé—´çš„称å·ã€‚<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1">å¢æ£®å ¡</a>为现å˜çš„唯一大公国。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">7ã€è”åˆé…‹é•¿å›½â€”—United Emirates，特指<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%BF%E8%81%94%E9%85%8B">阿è”é…‹</a>，å¯ä»¥ç†è§£ä¸ºæ˜¯ç”±è‹¥å¹²ä¸ªâ€œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD">酋长国</a>â€è”åˆç»„æˆã€‚这里的主题è¯Emirates是å¤æ•°ï¼ŒæŒ‡çš„是国家的组æˆå•å…ƒï¼Œå’Œåˆä¼—国的表达类似。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">8ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6">è”邦</a>——Federation，侧é‡è¡¨è¾¾å›½å®¶çš„组æˆå½¢å¼æ˜¯è”邦制，è”邦是指由两个或两个以上共和国ã€é‚¦æˆ–å·žè”åˆç»„æˆä¸€ä¸ªç»Ÿä¸€å›½å®¶ã€‚<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94%E5%88%B6">邦è”制</a>指两个或两个以上的独立国家为了æŸç§ç‰¹å®šç›®çš„而结æˆå›½å®¶è”åˆï¼Œå…¶æž„æˆçš„ä¸æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªç‹¬ç«‹<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6">主æƒå›½å®¶</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">9ã€åŸŽå›½â€”—City state，顾åæ€ä¹‰ç”±ä¸€ä¸ªåŸŽå¸‚组æˆçš„国家。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">10ã€å¸å›½â€”—empire或empery，以世è¢å›ä¸»çš‡å¸ä¸ºå…ƒé¦–的国家。现在很少è§ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">11ã€ç§äººå›½å®¶â€”—Micronation，声称是独立国家。由个人或家æ—ã€å°ç»„织建立。以西兰公国为首，通常ä¸è¢«æ‰¿è®¤ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>国家è¦ç´ </h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">国家是由国土ã€äººæ°‘（民æ—）和政府三个è¦ç´ 组æˆçš„。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">20世纪åˆçš„å‡ ä½æ³•å›½å’Œå¾·å›½å¦è€…如Jellinek， Laband，Carré de Malberg，创立了国家三è¦ç´ çš„ç†è®ºï¼Œå¼ºè°ƒäº†æ”¿æ²»æƒåŠ›ä¸Žé¢†åœŸã€äººæ°‘的统一。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">国家三è¦ç´ ç†è®ºå¯ä»¥å¦‚æ¤æ¦‚括：当在一个固定的领土范围内居ä½ç€ä¸€ä¸ªäººæ°‘（ç»å¸¸æ˜¯åŒä¸€æ°‘æ—或有共åŒçš„认åŒæ„Ÿï¼‰ï¼Œè€Œåœ¨è¿™ä¸ªäººæ°‘ä¸åˆè¡Œä½¿ç€ä¸€ä¸ªåˆæ³•çš„政治æƒåŠ›æ—¶ï¼Œä¾¿å˜åœ¨ç€å›½å®¶ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">所谓领土，是三维的：<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F">领土</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A2%86%E6%B5%B7">领海</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A2%86%E7%A9%BA">领空</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">作为国家的基本è¦ç´ ，领土并ä¸åªæ˜¯ä¾›äººå±…ä½çš„一片土地，它åŒæ ·æž„æˆäº†è¿™ä¸ªå›½å®¶ã€è¿™ä¸ªæ°‘æ—的历å²ã€æ–‡åŒ–ã€å®—教记忆的一部分，是这个国家的象å¾ï¼Œæ˜¯è”系人民ã€ä½¿ä»–们<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E8%AE%A4%E5%90%8C">自我认åŒ</a>åŠäº’相认åŒçš„纽带。有时这åŽä¸€ä¸ªä½œç”¨ç”šè‡³å¼•èµ·ä¸åŒç§æ—ã€äººæ°‘之间的冲çªï¼Œå¦‚<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83">科索沃</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7">耶路撒冷</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">最ç†æƒ³çš„领土边界当然是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C">自然边界</a>：高山大河。但在更多情况下，现代国家的边界是æ¡çº¦è¾¹ç•Œã€‚在19世纪—20世纪，边界的神圣性得到了国际社会的广泛承认，æˆä¸ºäº†å›½å®¶ä¸»æƒçš„载体。而20世纪末年，éšç»æµŽçš„å‘展åŠå„国间的相互ä¾èµ–和交æµï¼Œè¾¹ç•Œçš„é‡è¦æ€§åˆæœ‰å˜åŒ–的新趋势。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">所谓人民，在过去ã€ç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯åœ¨<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7">西欧</a>，首先是指一个民æ—。在现代，则是指所有æœä»ŽäºŽä¸€ä¸ªä¸»æƒæƒåŠ›çš„人民。它å¯ä»¥æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªæ°‘æ—，也å¯ä»¥åŒ…括若干民æ—ï¼›å¯ä»¥æ˜¯æœ¬å›½äººï¼Œå³é€šè¿‡è¡€ç¼˜å…³ç³»å¾—到æ¤åœ°ä½çš„人，也å¯ä»¥æ˜¯<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BD%92%E5%8C%96">归化</a>了的外国移民，当他们离开自己的国土时，并ä¸å¤±åŽ»æœ¬å›½äººæ°‘çš„èµ„æ ¼ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">人民ä¸æ˜¯å›½å®¶çš„臣民。在现代国家ä¸ï¼Œå®ƒé¦–先是政治ä¸çš„一个最é‡è¦è§’色，是一个国家政治æƒåŠ›åˆæ³•æ€§çš„唯一<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90">æ¥æº</a>，是一国的主æƒè€…。按照<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%B3%95">自然法</a>ç†è®ºåŠçŽ°ä»£æ°‘主ç†è®ºï¼Œäººæ°‘在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B">国家æƒåŠ›</a>出现之å‰ä¾¿å·²å˜åœ¨ï¼Œæˆ–è€…è¯´å›½å®¶æ˜¯ä»–ä»¬çš„åˆ›é€ ç‰©ã€‚åœ¨å›½å†…æ”¿æ²»çš„é¢†åŸŸä¸ï¼Œäººæ°‘更多地是被定义为公民，å³æœ‰æƒå‚åŠ æ”¿æ²»äº‹åŠ¡çš„äººã€‚â€œå…¬æ°‘â€è¶…越了人们在ç»æµŽåœ°ä½ã€æ–‡åŒ–ã€èŒä¸šä¸Šçš„ä¸åŒï¼Œä½¿äººä»¬æœ‰äº†ä¸€ä¸ªæ–°çš„å…±åŒèº«ä»½ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">åˆæ³•çš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B">政治æƒåŠ›</a>（政府），是一国政治生活ä¸çš„一个é‡è¦è§’色，一个<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA">法人</a>。国家æ„å¿—å› è€Œä¸Žç»Ÿæ²»è€…çš„ä¸ªäººæ„å¿—ä¸åŒã€‚在国内事务ä¸ï¼Œå®ƒåˆæ³•åœ°ç®¡ç†ç€äººæ°‘，公æ£åœ°å¤„ç†äººæ°‘之间的冲çªï¼Œä»¥åŠä½œä¸ºä¸å¤®æƒåŠ›å¤„ç†ä¸Žå…¶ä»–国内法人的关系。它垄æ–ç€åˆæ³•çš„强制æƒï¼Œå•æ–¹é¢åˆ¶è®¢<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83">法律规范</a>，是一个æƒåŠ›æœºæž„。当然在现代<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%95%E6%B2%BB">法治</a>国家ä¸ï¼Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B">公共æƒåŠ›</a>也必须在它制订的法律规定的范围内活动。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<div class="para" label-module="para">在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6/398754" data-lemmaid="398754">人类å¦</a>æ„义上，å¯ä»¥æŠŠå›½<div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:220px; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317"
href="/pic/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6/17205/0/bbe0d311224f2654b8127b2d?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
title="ä¸å›½æ˜Žæœçš„ä¸å¤®é›†æƒ" style="width:220px;height:145px;">
<img class="lazy-img" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAMAAAAoyzS7AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRF9fX1AAAA0VQI3QAAAAxJREFUeNpiYAAIMAAAAgABT21Z4QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://gss0.bdstatic.com/94o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=2b2835a336d12f2eca05a9627fc3d5ff/b03533fa828ba61ef8179c5b4134970a314e59cc.jpg" alt="ä¸å›½æ˜Žæœçš„ä¸å¤®é›†æƒ" style="width:220px;height:145px;"/>
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<span class="description">
ä¸å›½æ˜Žæœçš„ä¸å¤®é›†æƒ
</span>
</div>家分为å•ä¸€æ°‘æ—国家或多民æ—国家。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">在政治å¦æ„义上，å¯ä»¥å°†å›½å®¶åˆ†ä¸º<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6">å›ä¸»åˆ¶å›½å®¶</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6">å›ä¸»ç«‹å®ªåˆ¶</a>国家ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6">共和制</a>国家ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB">民主</a>国家或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6">专制</a>国家。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">在政治ç»æµŽæ„义上，å¯ä»¥å°†å›½å®¶åˆ†ä¸ºè‡ªç”±ä¸»ä¹‰å›½å®¶æˆ–社会主义国家ã€å¹²æ¶‰ä¸»ä¹‰å›½å®¶ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89">ä¿æŠ¤ä¸»ä¹‰</a>国家（Etat Providence）。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%AC%E6%B3%95">公法</a>æ„义上，å¯å°†å›½å®¶åˆ†ä¸º<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6">å•ä¸€åˆ¶å›½å®¶</a>unitary state—Etat unitaire（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%9B%86%E6%9D%83">ä¸å¤®é›†æƒ</a>或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%88%86%E6%9D%83">地方分æƒ</a>的）与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6">è”邦制</a>国家federal state—Etat fédéral（还有所谓的邦è”制confedercy of state，在这里，一个邦è”ä¸æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªå›½å®¶ï¼Œè€Œæ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªå›½å®¶è”盟，其ä¸æ¯ä¸€ä¸ªéƒ½ä¿ç•™ç€å®ƒçš„主æƒæƒåŠ›ï¼‰ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">å•ä¸€åˆ¶å›½å®¶çš„基本特å¾æ˜¯ä¸å¤®æ”¿æƒåž„æ–ç€å…¨éƒ¨å®ªæ³•æ€§æƒåŠ›ï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9D%83">立法æƒ</a>åŠ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E6%9D%83">å¸æ³•æƒ</a>。从这个æ„义上讲，其实å•ä¸€åˆ¶å›½å®¶éƒ½æ˜¯é›†æƒå¼çš„。å•ä¸€åˆ¶å›½å®¶å¯ä»¥æ˜¯ä¸å¤®é›†æƒåž‹çš„，也å¯ä»¥æ˜¯åœ°æ–¹åˆ†æƒåž‹çš„。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">è”邦制国家是指ä¸å¤®æ”¿æƒä¸Žåœ°æ–¹æ”¿æƒåˆ†äº«å®ªæ³•æ€§æƒåŠ›ï¼Œå…¶æ–¹å¼åŠä»½é¢ï¼ˆç¨‹åº¦ï¼‰å„国亦ä¸å®Œå…¨ç›¸åŒã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<div class="para" label-module="para">å³å›½å®¶çš„组织形å¼ï¼ŒåŒ…括国家的管ç†å½¢å¼å’Œç»“æž„å½¢å¼ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">国家管ç†å½¢å¼åæ˜ ç»Ÿæ²»é˜¶çº§é‡‡å–何ç§å½¢å¼åŽ»ç»„织和管ç†æ”¿æƒæœºå…³ï¼Œå¦‚<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6">å›ä¸»åˆ¶</a>ã€å…±å’Œåˆ¶ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6">总统制</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E9%98%81%E5%88%B6">内é˜åˆ¶</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6">委员会制</a>ç‰ç‰ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F">国家结构形å¼</a>是指国家的整体与部分ã€ä¸å¤®ä¸Žåœ°æ–¹çš„相互关系，如邦è”ã€è”邦制ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6">å•ä¸€åˆ¶</a> ç‰ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">国家政æƒå½¢å¼æ˜¯å›½å®¶æœ¬è´¨çš„表现，为国家本质所决定，国家形å¼å¿…须适应国家的阶级本质。但å„国的历å²æ¡ä»¶ã€ä¼ ç»Ÿä¹ æƒ¯ã€é˜¶çº§åŠ›é‡å¯¹æ¯”ç‰å› ç´ ä¸åŒï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥å½¢å¼ä¹Ÿçº·ç¹å¤šæ ·ï¼Œå³ä½¿æœ¬è´¨ç›¸åŒçš„国家也å¯é‡‡å–ä¸åŒçš„国家形å¼ã€‚<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F">国家形å¼</a>是国家<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6">政治制度</a>çš„é‡è¦å†…容，它通常由一国的法律（主è¦æ˜¯<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95">宪法</a>）所确认，å—到国家的法律强制力的ä¿æŠ¤ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<div class="para" label-module="para">国家èŒèƒ½æ˜¯<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8">国家机器</a>，这是为了实现国家的总任务和总目的的活动方å‘，或称国家活动的总方å‘ã€æ€»ä½œç”¨ã€‚西方政治å¦è€…通常把<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%8C%E8%83%BD">国家èŒèƒ½</a>å«åš<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD">国家功能</a>，或把国家æ¯ä¸ªç»„æˆéƒ¨åˆ†çš„活动ã€å…·ä½“任务和国家活动的形å¼ï¼Œè¯´æˆæ˜¯å›½å®¶çš„èŒèƒ½ã€‚如有人把国家èŒèƒ½è¯´æˆæ˜¯ä¸ªåˆ«<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3">国家机关</a>的功能，说国家有立法ã€å¸æ³•ã€ç®¡ç†çš„功能。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">把国家èŒèƒ½è¯´æˆæ˜¯å›½å®¶æ´»åŠ¨çš„具体目的，至少有3个目的：①ä¿æŠ¤å›½å®¶å…å—其他国家的侵犯，②ä¿æŠ¤å›½å†…æ¯ä¸ªäººå…å—他人的侵犯与压迫，③举办个人或少数人ä¸åº”或ä¸èƒ½ä¸¾åŠžçš„事情。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">还有人说，国家有4个目的——<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8/32778" data-lemmaid="32778">安全</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%95%E6%B2%BB/3036629" data-lemmaid="3036629">法治</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E">ç»æµŽ</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96/23624" data-lemmaid="23624">文化</a>，或5个目的——<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8/32778" data-lemmaid="32778">安全</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A7%A9%E5%BA%8F">秩åº</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%AC%E5%BE%B7">公德</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1/3954287" data-lemmaid="3954287">自由</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9/2877" data-lemmaid="2877">ç¦åˆ©</a>。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89">马克æ€ä¸»ä¹‰</a>认为，国家èŒèƒ½æ˜¯å›½å®¶æœ¬è´¨çš„具体体现，是为解决该社会的基本矛盾æœåŠ¡çš„。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">国家机器的æ¯ä¸ªéƒ¨åˆ†ï¼Œè™½ç„¶å…·ä½“任务ã€ç›®çš„ã€æ´»åŠ¨æ–¹å¼ä¸åŒï¼Œä½†å®ƒä»¬éƒ½æ˜¯ä¸ºå›½å®¶çš„总任务ã€æ€»ç›®çš„æœåŠ¡çš„。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>基本æƒåˆ©</h2>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>独立æƒ</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%9D%83">独立æƒ</a>指国家ä¾ç…§è‡ªå·±çš„æ„志处ç†å†…外事务而ä¸å—他国控制和干涉的æƒåˆ©ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>å¹³ç‰æƒ</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E6%9D%83">å¹³ç‰æƒ</a>指国家在å‚与国际法律关系时，ä¸è®ºå¤§å°å¼ºå¼±ï¼Œå‘展水平，都具有平ç‰çš„地ä½å’Œèµ„æ ¼ï¼Œå¹³ç‰åœ°äº«æœ‰<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B3%95/4858" data-lemmaid="4858">国际法</a>上的æƒåˆ©å’Œæ‰¿æ‹…国际法上的义务。主è¦è¡¨çŽ°åœ¨ï¼šå›½å®¶åœ¨<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87">国际组织</a>或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE">国际会议</a>ä¸å¹³ç‰åœ°äº«æœ‰ä»£è¡¨æƒå’ŒæŠ•ç¥¨æƒï¼›å›½å®¶å¹³ç‰åœ°äº«æœ‰<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BC%94%E7%BA%A6%E6%9D%83">缔约æƒ</a>；国家平ç‰åœ°äº«æœ‰è£èª‰æƒï¼›å›½å®¶ä¹‹é—´æ²¡æœ‰ç®¡è¾–æƒç‰ç‰ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>自ä¿æƒ</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%87%AA%E4%BF%9D%E6%9D%83">自ä¿æƒ</a>指国家采å–防御åŠè‡ªå«æŽªæ–½ä¿å«è‡ªå·±ç”Ÿå˜å’Œç‹¬ç«‹ä¸å—侵犯的æƒåˆ©ã€‚它包括国防æƒå’Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%87%AA%E5%8D%AB%E6%9D%83">自å«æƒ</a>两方é¢çš„内容：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）国防æƒæ˜¯å›½å®¶åˆ¶å®š<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96">国防政ç–</a>，进行<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE">国防建设</a>，防备外æ¥ä¾µçŠ¯çš„æƒåˆ©ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）自å«æƒæ˜¯å›½å®¶éå—外国æ¦åŠ›è¿›æ”»æ—¶ï¼Œå•ç‹¬æˆ–与其他有关国家一起进行æ¦åŠ›å击的æƒåˆ©ã€‚国家å¯ä»¥å•ç‹¬è‡ªå«ï¼Œä¹Ÿå¯ä»¥å®žè¡Œé›†ä½“自å«ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>管辖æƒ</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">国家的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AE%A1%E8%BE%96%E6%9D%83">管辖æƒ</a>主è¦ä½“现为以下四个方é¢ï¼š</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B1%9E%E5%9C%B0%E7%AE%A1%E8%BE%96%E6%9D%83">属地管辖æƒ</a>。åˆç§°å±žåœ°ä¼˜è¶Šæƒï¼Œæ˜¯æŒ‡å›½å®¶å¯¹å…¶é¢†åŸŸå†…一切ä¸äº«æœ‰<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%89%B9%E6%9D%83">特æƒ</a>与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B1%81%E5%85%8D%E6%9D%83">è±å…æƒ</a>的人ã€äº‹ã€ç‰©è¿›è¡Œç®¡è¾–çš„æƒåˆ©ï¼ˆå±žåœ°ç®¡è¾–æƒä¸é€‚用于领域内ä¾æ³•äº«æœ‰ç‰¹æƒä¸Žè±å…的外国人或外国财产）。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B1%9E%E4%BA%BA%E7%AE%A1%E8%BE%96%E6%9D%83">属人管辖æƒ</a>。或称国ç±ç®¡è¾–æƒï¼Œæ˜¯æŒ‡å›½å®¶å¯¹æ— 论ä½äºŽä½•åœ°çš„具有本国国ç±çš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%BA%BA">自然人</a>ã€æ³•äººæˆ–特定物进行管辖的æƒåˆ©ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（3）<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E6%80%A7%E7%AE%A1%E8%BE%96%E6%9D%83">ä¿æŠ¤æ€§ç®¡è¾–æƒ</a>。特指国家对在该国域外犯有å±å®³è¯¥å›½å®‰å…¨ã€é¢†åœŸå®Œæ•´ã€æ”¿æ²»ç‹¬ç«‹åŠå…¶ä»–é‡å¤§æ”¿æ²»ã€ç»æµŽåˆ©ç›Šç‰ç½ªè¡Œçš„外国人进行管辖的æƒåˆ©ã€‚è¿™ç§ç®¡è¾–æƒçš„行使一般基于两个æ¡ä»¶ï¼šä¸€ã€å¤–国人在领土外的行为所侵害的是该国或其公民的é‡å¤§åˆ©ç›Šï¼Œæž„æˆè¯¥å›½åˆ‘法规定之罪行或规定应处一定刑罚以上的罪行；二ã€è¯¥è¡Œä¸ºæ ¹æ®è¡Œä¸ºåœ°çš„法律åŒæ ·æž„æˆåº”处刑罚的罪行（åŒé‡å½’罪）。ä¿æŠ¤æ€§ç®¡è¾–æƒçš„行使有两ç§æ–¹å¼ï¼šä¸Šè¿°è¡Œä¸ºäººè¿›å…¥è¯¥å—害<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%A2%83">国境</a>内被ä¾æ³•æ‹˜æ•å’Œç®¡è¾–；通过国家间对行为人的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BC%95%E6%B8%A1">引渡</a>实现å—害国的管辖æƒã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（4）<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E6%80%A7%E7%AE%A1%E8%BE%96%E6%9D%83">æ™®é性管辖æƒ</a>。国家对任何人在任何地域所犯的严é‡å±å®³å›½é™…社会普é利益的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BD%AA%E8%A1%8C">国际罪行</a>进行管辖的æƒåˆ©ã€‚<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%97%E7%BD%AA">海盗罪</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E7%BD%AA">战争罪</a>ã€ç ´å和平罪ã€è¿å人é“罪ç‰å·²è¢«å…¬è®¤ä¸ºå›½å®¶æ™®é管辖æƒçš„对象。国家的普é管辖æƒåªèƒ½åœ¨æœ¬å›½ç®¡è¾–范围内或ä¸å±žäºŽä»»ä½•<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%AE%A1%E8%BE%96%E6%9D%83">国家管辖æƒ</a>的区域行使。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>国家åå•</h2>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>åå•å†…容</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>截至2017年，世界上有198个国家被国际普é承认：</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">å…¶ä¸193个为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E5%91%98%E5%9B%BD">è”åˆå›½ä¼šå‘˜å›½</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%86%88">梵蒂冈</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6">å·´å‹’æ–¯å¦</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%BD%E5%9F%83">纽埃</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BA%93%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B">库克群岛</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A2">马耳他骑士团</a>ç‰5国为国际普é承认，éžè”åˆå›½æˆå‘˜ã€‚å…¶ä¸ï¼Œæ¢µè’‚冈和巴勒斯å¦ä¸ºè”åˆå›½<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F%E5%91%98%E5%9B%BD">观察员国</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>暂未被普é承认的：</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">å…¶ä¸2个未被主æƒå›½å®¶æ™®é承认的，å‡æœªåŠ å…¥è”åˆå›½ï¼Œä¸è¿‡åœ¨<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%B9%A0%E6%83%AF%E6%B3%95">å›½é™…ä¹ æƒ¯æ³•</a>ä¸è¢«è§†ä¸ºå›½å®¶ï¼š<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD">撒哈拉阿拉伯民主共和国</a>（撒拉å¨é˜¿æ‹‰ä¼¯æ°‘主共和国）ã€ç§‘索沃共和国。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">æžå°‘或ä¸ä¸ºå›½é™…社会承认的政æƒï¼Œå‡æœªåŠ å…¥<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD/135426" data-lemmaid="135426">è”åˆå›½</a>：<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%97%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF">北塞浦路斯</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E5%85%B9">阿布哈兹</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%B3%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%BA-%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB">纳戈尔诺-å¡æ‹‰å·´èµ«</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B6%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%B3%E6%B2%BF%E5%B2%B8%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD">德涅斯特河沿岸摩尔达维亚共和国</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0">索马里兰</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%97%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%9E%E6%A2%AF">å—奥塞梯</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A1%BF%E6%B6%85%E8%8C%A8%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD">顿涅茨克人民共和国</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%A2%E7%94%98%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD">å¢ç”˜æ–¯å…‹äººæ°‘共和国</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C">西å—索马里</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%82%A6%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0">邦特兰</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9E%9C%E6%95%A2%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD">果敢人民共和国</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%82%A6%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD">邦è¨æ‘©æ´›å…±å’Œå›½</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD">伊斯兰国</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD">é«˜åŠ ç´¢é…‹é•¿å›½</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">个别组织或个人å•æ–¹é¢å®£å¸ƒæˆç«‹çš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A7%81%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6">ç§äººå›½å®¶</a>，通常ä¸è¢«è®¤ä¸ºæ˜¯çœŸæ£æ„义上的国家：<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD">西兰公国</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%B8%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD">摩洛希亚共和国</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%83%E8%B4%9D%E6%96%AF%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD">埃è´æ–¯è²å°”德共和国</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%B3%E7%9C%81%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD">赫特河çœå…¬å›½</a>ã€åŸƒå°”åŠ å…°-ç“¦å°”åŠ å…°<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD">王国</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%BC%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD">尼马克共和国</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%BC%E9%9B%85%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD">自由多尼雅公国</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD">å¨æ–¯å¡”克迪å¡å¤§å…¬å›½</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A1%9E%E6%B3%A2%E5%8A%A0%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD">å¡žæ³¢åŠ å¤§å…¬å›½</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%93%A6%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD">è‰¾å°”æ ¼å…°åº¦ç“¦åŠ å…°ç‰¹å¸å›½</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8F%8A%E7%91%9A%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%81%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD">çŠç‘šç¾¤å²›åŒæ€§æ‹çŽ‹å›½</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B2%99%E5%85%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD">沙兹尔共和国</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9B%B7%E4%B8%9C%E8%BE%BE%E5%B2%9B">雷东达岛</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A5%BF%E6%8F%90%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD">西æ王国</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%93%A6%E4%BE%9D%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD">瓦ä¾å…¬å›½</a>ã€åˆ—é¡¿å¡ä¼¦ç™»å ¡ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0">自由土地</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%81%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD">æ©å…‹æ‹‰ç“¦çŽ‹å›½</a>。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="8_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub6365277_8_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="国家和地区" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="8-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>国家和地区</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">AD The Principality of Andorra <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%89%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94">安é“å°”</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">AE United Arab Emirates <a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD">阿拉伯è”åˆé…‹é•¿å›½</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">AF Afghanistan <a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97">阿富汗</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">AL Albania <a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A">阿尔巴尼亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">AG ANtigua and Barbuda <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E7%93%9C%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E8%BE%BE">安æ瓜和巴布达</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">AI <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%89%E5%9C%AD%E6%8B%89">安åœæ‹‰</a><sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="3" data-ctrmap=":3,">
[3]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[3]_6365277"> </a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">AM Armenia <a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A">亚美尼亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">AN <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%89%E7%9A%84%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B">安的列斯群岛</a><sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="3" data-ctrmap=":3,">
[3]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[3]_6365277"> </a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">AO Angola<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%89%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89">安哥拉</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">AQ Antarctica<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E6%B4%B2">å—æžæ´²</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">AR Argentina<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7/77652" data-lemmaid="77652">é˜¿æ ¹å»·</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">AS <a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BE%8E%E5%B1%9E%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B">美属è¨æ‘©äºšç¾¤å²›</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">AT Austria<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9">奥地利</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">AU Australia <a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A">澳大利亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">AZ Azerbaijan <a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86">阿塞拜疆</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BB <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%AF">巴巴多斯</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BS Bahamas <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88%E9%A9%AC">巴哈马</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BH Bahrain <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97">å·´æž—</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BD Bangladesh <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD">åŸåŠ 拉国</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BB Barbados <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%AF">巴巴多斯</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BY Belarus <a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF">白俄罗斯</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BZ Belize <a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B9">伯利兹</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BE Belgium <a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6">比利时</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BJ Benin <a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B4%9D%E5%AE%81">è´å®</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BM Bermuda <a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%99%BE%E6%85%95%E5%A4%A7">百慕大</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BT Bhutan <a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9">ä¸ä¸¹</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BO Bolivia <a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A">玻利维亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BA Bosnia and Herzegovina <a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%B4%E9%82%A3">波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BW Botswana <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%9A%E8%8C%A8%E7%93%A6%E7%BA%B3">åšèŒ¨ç“¦çº³</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BV Bouvet Island <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B8%83%E7%BB%B4%E5%B2%9B">布维岛</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BR Brazil <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF/5422" data-lemmaid="5422">巴西</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BN Brunei Darussalam <a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%87%E8%8E%B1">文莱</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BG Bulgaria <a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A">ä¿åŠ 利亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BF Burkina Faso <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B8%83%E5%9F%BA%E7%BA%B3%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%A2">布基纳法索</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">BI Burundi <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B8%83%E9%9A%86%E8%BF%AA">布隆迪</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CM Cameroon <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A6%E9%9A%86">喀麦隆</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CA Canada <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7/145973" data-lemmaid="145973">åŠ æ‹¿å¤§</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CV Cape Verde <a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BD%9B%E5%BE%97%E8%A7%92">佛得角</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CF The Central African Republic <a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E9%9D%9E%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD">ä¸éžå…±å’Œå›½</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CL Chile <a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9">智利</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CN The People's Republic of China <a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD">ä¸åŽäººæ°‘共和国</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CX Christmas Island <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%A3%E8%AF%9E%E5%B2%9B">圣诞岛</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CO Colombia <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A">哥伦比亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CH Switzerland <a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB">瑞士</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CG Congo <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD">刚果共和国</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">Democratic Republic of the Congo <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD">刚果民主共和国</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CK Cook Island <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BA%93%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B">库克群岛</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CR Costa rica <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%93%A5%E6%96%AF%E8%BE%BE%E9%BB%8E%E5%8A%A0">å“¥æ–¯è¾¾é»ŽåŠ </a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CI Coate d'Ivorie <a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%E8%BF%AA%E7%93%A6">科特迪瓦</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CU Cuba <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4">å¤å·´</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CV <a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%B2%9B">ç»´å¾·å²›</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CY Cyprus<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF">塞浦路斯</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CZ Czech<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B">æ·å…‹</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">DK Denmark<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6">丹麦</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">DJ Djibouti<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%8F%90">å‰å¸ƒæ</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">DM The Commonwealth of Dominica<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B">多米尼克</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">DE Germany<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD/147953" data-lemmaid="147953">德国</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">DO The Dominican Republic<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0">å¤šç±³å°¼åŠ </a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">DZ Algeria<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A">阿尔åŠåˆ©äºš</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">EC Ecuador<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94">厄瓜多尔</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">EG Egypt<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A">埃åŠ</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">EH West Sahara<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A5%BF%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89">西撒哈拉</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">ES Spain<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99/148941" data-lemmaid="148941">西ç牙</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">EE Estonia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A">爱沙尼亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">ET Ethiopia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A">埃塞俄比亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">ER Eritrea<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8E%84%E7%AB%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A">厄立特里亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">FJ Fiji<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%90%E6%B5%8E">æ–济</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">FI Finland<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0/397486" data-lemmaid="397486">芬兰</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">FR France<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD/1173384" data-lemmaid="1173384">法国</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">FM Micronesia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AF%86%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6">密克罗尼西亚è”邦</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">FO<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B">法罗群岛</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">GA Gabon<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8A%A0%E8%93%AC">åŠ è“¬</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">GQ Equatorial Guinea<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A">赤é“å‡ å†…äºš</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">GF French Guiana<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%95%E5%B1%9E%E5%9C%AD%E4%BA%9A%E9%82%A3">法属åœäºšé‚£</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">GM Gambia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%88%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A">冈比亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">GE Georgia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A">æ ¼é²å‰äºš</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">GH Ghana<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8A%A0%E7%BA%B3">åŠ çº³</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">GI Gibraltar<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%B4%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E9%99%80">直布罗陀</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">GR Greece<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A">希腊</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">GL Greenland<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0">æ ¼é™µå…°</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">GD Grenada<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%B3%E8%BE%BE">æ ¼æž—çº³è¾¾</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">GU Guam<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%B3%E5%B2%9B">关岛</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">GT Guatemala<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89">å±åœ°é©¬æ‹‰</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">GN Guinea<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A">å‡ å†…äºš</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">GW Guinea-Bissau<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E6%AF%94%E7%BB%8D">å‡ å†…äºšæ¯”ç»</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">GY Guyana<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%AD%E4%BA%9A%E9%82%A3">åœäºšé‚£</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">HR Croatia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A">克罗地亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">HT Haiti<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0">海地</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">HN Honduras<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B4%AA%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF">洪都拉斯</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">HU Hungary<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9">匈牙利</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">IS Iceland<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B">冰岛</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">IN India<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6/121904" data-lemmaid="121904">å°åº¦</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">ID Indonesia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A">å°åº¦å°¼è¥¿äºš</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">IR Iran<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97">伊朗</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">IQ Iraq<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B">伊拉克</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">IE Ireland<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0">爱尔兰</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">IL Israel<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97">以色列</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">IT Italy<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9/148336" data-lemmaid="148336">æ„大利</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">JM Jamaica<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%89%99%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%A0">ç‰™ä¹°åŠ </a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">JP Japan<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC/111617" data-lemmaid="111617">日本</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">JO Jordan<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%A6">约旦</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">KZ Kazakhstan<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6">哈è¨å…‹æ–¯å¦</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">KE Kenya<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A">肯尼亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">KI Kiribati<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%8C%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF">基里巴斯</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">KP North Korea<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C/191777" data-lemmaid="191777">æœé²œ</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">KR South Korea<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD/6009333" data-lemmaid="6009333">韩国</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">KH Cambodia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8">柬埔寨</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">KM Comoros<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A7%91%E6%91%A9%E7%BD%97">科摩罗</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">KN Saint Kitts and Nevis<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%A3%E5%9F%BA%E8%8C%A8%E5%92%8C%E5%B0%BC%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF">圣基茨和尼维斯</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">KG Kyrgyzstan<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6">å‰å°”å‰æ–¯æ–¯å¦</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">KW Kuwait<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A7%91%E5%A8%81%E7%89%B9">科å¨ç‰¹</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">KY Cayman Islands<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BC%80%E6%9B%BC%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B">开曼群岛</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">LA Laos<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D">è€æŒ</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">LK Sri Lanka<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1">斯里兰å¡</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">LV Latvia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8B%89%E6%89%98%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A">拉托维亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">LB Lebanon<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9">黎巴嫩</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">LS Lesotho<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8E%B1%E7%B4%A2%E6%89%98">莱索托</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">LR Liberia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A">利比里亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">LY Libya<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A">利比亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">LI Liechtenstein<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%97%E6%94%AF%E6%95%A6%E5%A3%AB%E7%99%BB">列支敦士登</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">LT Lithuania<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B">立陶宛</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">LU Luxembourg<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1">å¢æ£®å ¡</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">LC St. Lucia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%A3%E5%8D%A2%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A">圣å¢è¥¿äºš</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MG Madagascar<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0">é©¬è¾¾åŠ æ–¯åŠ </a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MN Montenegro<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%BB%91%E5%B1%B1">黑山</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MW Malawi<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4">马拉维</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MY Malaysia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A">马æ¥è¥¿äºš</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MV Maldives<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%AB">马尔代夫</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">ML Mali<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C">马里</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MK Macedonia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF">马其顿</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MT Malta<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96">马耳他</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MH Marshall Islands<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A9%AC%E7%BB%8D%E5%B0%94%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B">马ç»å°”群岛</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MR Mauritania<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A">毛里塔尼亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MU Mauritius<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E6%B1%82%E6%96%AF">毛里求斯</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MX Mexico<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5/255798" data-lemmaid="255798">墨西哥</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MD Moldova<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6">摩尔多瓦</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MC Monaco<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5">摩纳哥</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MN Mongolia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4/12000925" data-lemmaid="12000925">è’™å¤</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MS Montserrat<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9">蒙特塞拉特</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MA Morocco<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5">摩洛哥</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MZ Mozambique<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B">莫桑比克</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MM Burma<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8">缅甸</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">MP Northern Mariana Islands<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%97%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E9%82%A3%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B">北马里亚那群岛</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">NA Namibia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A">纳米比亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">NR Nauru<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%91%99%E9%B2%81">ç‘™é²</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">NP Nepal<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94">尼泊尔</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">NL Netherlands<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0">è·å…°</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">NC New Caledonia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%B0%E5%96%80%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A">新喀里多尼亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">NZ New Zealand<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0">新西兰</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">NI Nicaragua<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C">å°¼åŠ æ‹‰ç“œ</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">NE Niger<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%B0%94">尼日尔</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">NG Nigeria<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A">尼日利亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">NU Niue<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%BD%E5%9F%83">纽埃</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">NF Norfolk Island<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%AF%BA%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E5%B2%9B">诺ç¦å…‹å²›</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">NO Norway<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81">挪å¨</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">OM Oman<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC">阿曼</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">PK Pakistan<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6">巴基斯å¦</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">PF French Polynesia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%95%E5%B1%9E%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A">法属波利尼西亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">PW Palau<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B8%95%E5%8A%B3">帕劳</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">PA Panama<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A9%AC/423973" data-lemmaid="423973">巴拿马</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">PG Papua New Guinea<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B0%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A">å·´å¸ƒäºšæ–°å‡ å†…äºš</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">PY Paraguay<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD">巴拉åœ</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">PE Peru<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81">秘é²</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">PH Philippines<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE">è²å¾‹å®¾</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">PM 圣皮埃尔和密克罗</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">PN Pitcairn Islands<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%80%E6%81%A9%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B">皮特开æ©ç¾¤å²›</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">PL Poland<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0/421640" data-lemmaid="421640">波兰</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">PT Portugal<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99">è‘¡è„牙</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">PS <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6">å·´å‹’æ–¯å¦</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">PR Puerto Rico<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%8E%E5%90%84">波多黎å„</a>（美）</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">QA Qatar<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94">å¡å¡”å°”</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">RO Romania<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A">罗马尼亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">RU Russia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6">ä¿„ç½—æ–¯è”邦</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">RW Rwanda<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%A2%E6%97%BA%E8%BE%BE">å¢æ—ºè¾¾</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SV El Salvador<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%9A">è¨å°”瓦多</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SH St.Helena<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%A3%E8%B5%AB%E5%8B%92%E6%8B%BF">圣赫勒拿</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SM San Marino<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%A3%E9%A9%AC%E5%8A%9B%E8%AF%BA">圣马力诺</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">ST Sao Tome and Principe<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%92%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94">圣多美和普林西比</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SA Saudi Arabia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF">沙特阿拉伯</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SN Senegal<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A1%9E%E5%86%85%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94">å¡žå†…åŠ å°”</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SC Seychelles<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A1%9E%E8%88%8C%E5%B0%94">塞舌尔</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SL Sierra leone<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82">塞拉利昂</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SR Serbia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A">塞尔维亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SG Singapore<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1">æ–°åŠ å¡</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SK Slovakia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B">斯洛ä¼å…‹</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SI Slovene<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A">斯洛文尼亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SB Solomon Islands<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%89%80%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B">所罗门群岛</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SO Somali<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C">索马里</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SD Sudan<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9">è‹ä¸¹</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">South Sudan <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%97%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9">å—è‹ä¸¹</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SU Surinam<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8B%8F%E9%87%8C%E5%8D%97">è‹é‡Œå—</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SZ Swaziland<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%AF%E5%A8%81%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B0">æ–¯å¨å£«å…°</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SE Sweden<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8">ç‘žå…¸</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SY Syria<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A">å™åˆ©äºš</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">TD Chad<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97">ä¹å¾—</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">TJ Tajikistan<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6">å¡”å‰å…‹æ–¯å¦</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">TZ Tanzania<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A">å¦æ¡‘尼亚</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">TH Thailand<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD">泰国</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">TG Togo<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%A5">多哥</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">TK Tokela<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3">托克劳</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">TO Tonga<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B1%A4%E5%8A%A0">æ±¤åŠ </a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">TT Trinidad and Tobago<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%89%B9%E7%AB%8B%E5%B0%BC%E8%BE%BE%E5%92%8C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%A5">特立尼达和多巴哥</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">TN Tunisia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF">çªå°¼æ–¯</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">TR Turkey<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6">土耳其</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">TP East Timor<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6">东å¸æ±¶</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">TM Turkmenistan<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6">土库曼斯å¦</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">TC Turks and Caicos Islands<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%92%8C%E5%87%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B">特克斯和凯科斯群岛</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">TV Tuvalu<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%8D%A2">图瓦å¢</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">UG Uganda<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B9%B2%E8%BE%BE">乌干达</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">UA Ukraine<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0">乌克兰</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">UK United Kingdom<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD/144602" data-lemmaid="144602">英国</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">US United States of America<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD/125486" data-lemmaid="125486">美国</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">UY Uruguay<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD">乌拉åœ</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">UZ Uzbekistan<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6">乌兹别克斯å¦</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">VA Vatican City<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%86%88">梵蒂冈</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">VC Saint Vincent and the Grenadines<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%A3%E6%96%87%E6%A3%AE%E7%89%B9%E5%92%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%B3%E4%B8%81%E6%96%AF">åœ£æ–‡æ£®ç‰¹å’Œæ ¼æž—çº³ä¸æ–¯</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">VE Venezuela<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="3" data-ctrmap=":3,">
[3]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[3]_6365277"> </a>
<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A7%94%E5%86%85%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89">委内瑞拉</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">VN Vietnam<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="3" data-ctrmap=":3,">
[3]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[3]_6365277"> </a>
<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97">越å—</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">VG Virgin Islands(British)<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="3" data-ctrmap=":3,">
[3]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[3]_6365277"> </a>
<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%AC%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B">英属维尔京群岛</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">VI Vigin Islands(U.S.)<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="3" data-ctrmap=":3,">
[3]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[3]_6365277"> </a>
<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BE%8E%E5%B1%9E%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%AC%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B">美属维尔京群岛</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">VU Republic of Vanuatu<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%93%A6%E5%8A%AA%E9%98%BF%E5%9B%BE%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD">瓦努阿图共和国</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">WS Western Samoa<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="3" data-ctrmap=":3,">
[3]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[3]_6365277"> </a>
<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A5%BF%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%9A">西è¨æ‘©äºš</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">YE Yemen<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="3" data-ctrmap=":3,">
[3]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[3]_6365277"> </a>
<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8">也门</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">ZA South Africa<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E">å—éž</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">ZR Zaire<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%89%8E%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94">扎伊尔</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">ZM Zambia<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B5%9E%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A">赞比亚</a><sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="3" data-ctrmap=":3,">
[3]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[3]_6365277"> </a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">ZW Zimbabwe<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%9F%A6">津巴布韦</a><sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="3" data-ctrmap=":3,">
[3]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[3]_6365277"> </a>
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<a name="9" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub6365277_9" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="祖国与国家" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>祖国与国家</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A5%96%E5%9B%BD/2913" data-lemmaid="2913">祖国</a>既是一个地ç†æ¦‚念，也是一个文化概念更是一个法ç†æ¦‚念，带有丰富的感情色彩。祖国是指世代居ä½ã€å¹¶å¯¹æ‰€åœ¨å›½æ–‡åŒ–有ç€é«˜åº¦æ–‡åŒ–认åŒæ„Ÿçš„并且自己和祖先国ç±å…±åŒæ‰€åœ¨çš„国家。而国家是一个政治æƒåŠ›æœºæž„。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="10" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub6365277_10" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="国家与政府" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>国家与政府</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">在国家与政府的关系上，有时国家与政府的概念ä¸åˆ†ã€‚在分得å分清晰时，国家大于政府，尤其是国家是主æƒè€…çš„åŒä¹‰è¯ï¼Œè€Œæ”¿åºœåªæ˜¯å›½å®¶çš„仆人ã€æƒåŠ›çš„执行者ã€è¢«å§”托人。 但在国际舞å°ä¸Šï¼Œå›½å®¶çš„概念比在国内政治ä¸å®½æ³›å¾ˆå¤šã€‚æ¤æ—¶å›½å®¶æ˜¯å›½é™…法ä¸çš„主体，是该国范围内的整个社会的代表，是这个国家全体人民的代表，与国内政治ä¸çš„政府å分相近。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="sub6365277_11" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="东西方概念" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>东西方概念</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">政治å¦ä¸Šçš„国家（state）一è¯ï¼Œæœ€æ—©æ¥è‡ªäºŽæ„大利æ€æƒ³å®¶é©¬åŸºé›…维里所用的statos一è¯ï¼Œè¯¥è¯æ¥è‡ªäºŽæ‹‰ä¸æ–‡status。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">汉è¯ä¸çš„“国家â€ä¸€è¯ï¼Œâ€œå›½â€çš„涵义类似于欧洲观念ä¸çš„“国家â€ï¼Œè€Œâ€œå›½â€ä¸Žâ€œå®¶â€åœ¨æœ€åˆæ˜¯æœ‰åŒºåˆ†çš„。如《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%91%A8%E6%98%93">周易</a>》：“是以身安而国家å¯ä¿ä¹Ÿâ€ã€‚秦汉以åŽä»¥ä¸€å›½è€Œç»Ÿå¤©ä¸‹ï¼Œç”±äºŽ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96">儒家文化</a>强调“家国åŒæž„â€ï¼Œå®¶åˆæŒ‡å®¶åºã€å®¶æ—，从而形æˆäº†â€œå®¶â€â€œå›½â€å¹¶æçš„æ¡ä»¶ï¼Œâ€œå›½å®¶â€æŒ‡ä¸€å›½çš„整体，如西汉<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%98%E5%90%91">刘å‘</a>《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%AF%B4%E8%8B%91">说苑</a>》：“苟有å¯ä»¥å®‰å›½å®¶ï¼Œåˆ©äººæ°‘者â€ï¼Œæ˜Ž<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%BB%84%E9%81%93%E5%91%A8">黄é“周</a>《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8A%82%E5%AF%B0%E8%A2%81%E5%85%AC%E4%BC%A0">节寰è¢å…¬ä¼ </a>》：“公（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A2%81%E5%8F%AF%E7%AB%8B">è¢å¯ç«‹</a>）乃抗ç–曰：‘则民生休戚ã€äººå“邪æ£ï¼Œè°å¤ä¸ºå›½å®¶æ˜Œè¨€ä¹Žï¼Ÿâ€™â€ã€Š<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2">明å²</a>》：“国家æ£èµ–公耳â€ã€‚å¤ä»£ä¸å›½é™¤äº†çš„“国家â€è§‚念外，还有“天下â€çš„观念。在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%9C%E6%B8%90">西å¦ä¸œæ¸</a>时，æ‰ç”¨â€œå›½å®¶â€ä¸€è¯é™„会西方的state。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">在以ä¸å›½ä¸ºä»£è¡¨çš„东方，国家出现得比较早，且形å¼å°‘有å˜åŒ–。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A7%A6%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D">秦王æœ</a>便已ç»å¥ 定了ä¸å›½çŽ°ä»£å›½å®¶çš„基础。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">在西方，现代民æ—国家的建立大约首先从13世纪的英国ã€æ³•å›½å¼€å§‹ã€‚其典型特å¾æ˜¯<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8E%8B%E6%9D%83">王æƒ</a>与教æƒã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E4%B8%BB">å°å»ºä¸»</a>æƒåŠ›çš„斗争。在æ¤è¿‡ç¨‹ä¸ï¼Œå›½å®¶ç›¸å¯¹äºŽ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A">市民社会</a>的独立性也日益凸显，其å‘展有四个阶段。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">第一个阶段是王æƒä¸Žæ•™æƒçš„斗争。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">第二个阶段是消除农奴ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BD%83%E5%86%9C">佃农</a>对领主的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%BA%E8%BA%AB%E4%BE%9D%E9%99%84">人身ä¾é™„</a>关系，使得全国人民都åªæœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªä¸Šçº§ï¼šå›½çŽ‹ã€‚在é©å‘½ä¹‹åŽï¼Œè¿™ç§å¯¹å›½çŽ‹çš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BF%A0%E8%AF%9A/13901" data-lemmaid="13901">å¿ è¯š</a>转化为对民æ—çš„å¿ è¯šï¼Œå¯¹ç¥–å›½çš„å¿ è¯šï¼Œåˆ™çŽ°ä»£æ„义上的公民就出现了。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">第三个阶段是å„ç§æ”¿æ²»æœºæž„ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84">行政机构</a>的出现，如市镇议会ã€å¦‚å„ç§å’¨è¯¢æœºæž„（é€æ¸æ¼”化æˆæ”¿åºœå„部）ç‰ï¼Œè¿™æ˜¯çŽ°ä»£<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB">官僚政治</a>的开始。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">第四个阶段是统治者与被统治者之间关系的日益法制化。这个过程å¯ä»¥ä»Žè‹±å›½<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%AA%E7%AB%A0">å¤§å®ªç« </a>算起，而到1628å¹´çš„Petition of Rihtså’Œ 1791å¹´çš„Bill of Rightsåˆæ¥å¾—以实现。它将政治æƒåŠ›åŠå…¶è¿ç”¨è§„范到了一个<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95">æˆæ–‡æ³•</a>的框架之内，æˆä¸ºäº†åŽæ¥<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AE%AE%E5%88%B6">代议制</a>的先声。到<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89">北美独立战争</a>，特别是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD">法国大é©å‘½</a>，这一过程基本完æˆâ€”—制订了<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95">æˆæ–‡å®ªæ³•</a>，制订了<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83/117645" data-lemmaid="117645">人æƒ</a>与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%9D%83">公民æƒ</a>法案，使得个人å¯ä»¥å¯¹æŠ—国家的胡作éžä¸ºã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="马克æ€ä¸»ä¹‰" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>马克æ€ä¸»ä¹‰</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="12" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89">马克æ€ä¸»ä¹‰</a>åœ¨æ·±å…¥ç ”ç©¶å›½å®¶äº§ç”Ÿçš„åŽŸå› åŠå…¶å‘展å˜é©çš„规律，概括了å„ç§ç±»åž‹å›½å®¶çš„特点åŠå…¶åœ¨ç¤¾ä¼šç”Ÿæ´»ä¸çš„地ä½å’Œä½œç”¨çš„基础上，为国家æ出了一个全é¢çš„科å¦çš„定义：“国家是一个阶级压迫å¦ä¸€ä¸ªé˜¶çº§çš„机器，是使一切被支é…的阶级å—一个阶级控制的机器。â€è¿™æ˜¯V·I·<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81">列å®</a>对K·<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D/161976" data-lemmaid="161976">马克æ€</a>ã€F·æ©æ ¼æ–¯çš„国家观点最全é¢ã€æœ€å‡†ç¡®çš„概括。它包括三层å«ä¹‰ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="12_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub6365277_12_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="客观规律" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="12-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>客观规律</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">国家是有社会阶级的组织，这说明国家是一ç§<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1">历å²çŽ°è±¡</a>，ä¸æ˜¯ä»Žæ¥å°±æœ‰çš„，也ä¸ä¼šæ°¸è¿œå˜åœ¨ä¸‹åŽ»ã€‚它是社会内部矛盾è¿åŠ¨å‘展的结果，是ç§æœ‰åˆ¶å‡ºçŽ°ã€é˜¶çº§å½¢æˆåŽï¼Œé˜¶çº§çŸ›ç›¾ä¸å¯è°ƒå’Œçš„产物。åŒæ ·ï¼Œå›½å®¶ä¹Ÿå¿…然伴éšç€é˜¶çº§ã€é˜¶çº§çŸ›ç›¾çš„彻底消ç而自行消亡。这是国家的产生ã€å‘展ã€æ¶ˆäº¡çš„客观规律。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="12_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub6365277_12_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="阶级统治" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="12-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>阶级统治</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">这指出了国家的本质，å³å›½å®¶æ˜¯å“ªä¸ªé˜¶çº§çš„政æƒï¼Œæ˜¯å“ªä¸ªé˜¶çº§çš„统治。在有阶级的社会ä¸ï¼Œä»»ä½•ä¸€ä¸ªé˜¶çº§çš„统治都æ¥æºäºŽå®ƒä»¬çš„ç»æµŽç»Ÿæ²»ï¼Œè€Œä¸€ä¸ªé˜¶çº§çš„ç»æµŽç»Ÿæ²»åˆå¿…é¡»ä¾é 它的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB">政治统治</a>æ¥ç»´æŠ¤å’Œå·©å›ºï¼Œå› æ¤å›½å®¶æ”¿æƒæ€»æ˜¯å±žäºŽåœ¨ç»æµŽä¸Šå 统治地ä½çš„阶级。政治统治是统治阶级的è”åˆåŠ›é‡ï¼Œæ˜¯ç»Ÿæ²»é˜¶çº§çš„集体æ„志和力é‡çš„表现，一般都是通过<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97">国家æ„å¿—</a>æ¥å®žçŽ°çš„。奴隶制国家的本质是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E4%B8%BB%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7">奴隶主阶级</a>的统治，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6">å°å»ºåˆ¶å›½å®¶</a>的本质是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%BB%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7">地主阶级</a>的统治，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89">资本主义</a>国家的本质是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B5%84%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7">资产阶级</a>的统治，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6">社会主义国家</a>的本质是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7">æ— äº§é˜¶çº§</a>的统治。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="12_3" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub6365277_12_3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="国家是机器" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="12-3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>国家是机器</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">它形象地指出国家是由许多部件所组æˆçš„互相è”系的有机整体。国家组织与其他<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87">社会组织</a>的主è¦åŒºåˆ«ï¼Œå°±åœ¨äºŽå®ƒæœ‰å¼ºè¿«è¢«ç»Ÿæ²»é˜¶çº§æœä»Žå›½å®¶æ„志的能力和有行使这ç§æƒåŠ›çš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%98%E5%90%8F">官å</a>（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%A8/2693" data-lemmaid="2693">干部</a>），有实现这ç§æƒåŠ›çš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F">军队</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F/12756500" data-lemmaid="12756500">è¦å¯Ÿ</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2/369005" data-lemmaid="369005">法院</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1/32681" data-lemmaid="32681">监狱</a>ç‰å¼ºåˆ¶æœºå…³ï¼Œè¿˜æœ‰ä¾›å…»å®˜å与强制机关的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8D%90%E7%A8%8E">æ税</a>å’Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BD%E5%80%BA">国债</a>，这3项构æˆä¸€ç§ç»„织力é‡å’Œç‰©è´¨åŠ›é‡ï¼Œå³ç‰¹æ®Šçš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B">社会æƒåŠ›</a>。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="相关å言" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">国家</span>相关å言</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="13" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">ä¸çˆ±è‡ªå·±å›½å®¶çš„人，什么也ä¸ä¼šçˆ±ã€‚——<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8B%9C%E4%BC%A6">拜伦</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">科技创新是æå‡å›½å®¶æ ¸å¿ƒç«žäº‰åŠ›çš„必由之路。——<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%91%A8%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%AD">周海ä¸</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">国家有优良的公民，那么这个国家就一定会强盛起æ¥ã€‚——<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B2%83%E7%BA%B3">沃纳</a></div>
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<strong>程鹤麟</strong>
<span>å¦è€…ã€èµ„深电视人</span>
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祖国与国家，åŒä¸Žä¸åŒä¹‹é—´
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<a href="/tashuo/browse/content?id=3b66e4b1a486c9713f122488&lemmaId=&fromLemmaModule=pcBottom" target="_blank">
这些年è€æœ‰æ–¯æ–‡æ€»éƒ¨æ–¯æ–‡æ‰«åœ°çš„故事å‘生。比如，2011年的时候，斯文总部故宫åšç‰©é™¢ï¼Œç»™åŒ—äº¬å¸‚å…¬å®‰å±€èµ é€é”¦æ——，锦旗上的文å—“撼祖国强盛，å«äº¬éƒ½æ³°å®‰â€ä¸€æ—¶æ’¼åŠ¨ä¸å›½ï¼Œæ–¯æ–‡æ‰«åœ°ã€‚åˆå¦‚，2014年的时候，å¦ä¸€ä¸ªæ–¯æ–‡æ€»éƒ¨ã€è‡ªå·±å·²ç»116å²çš„北京...</a>
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<span class="tashuo-publish-date">2018-10-04</span><span class="tashuo-like J-like " data-isvote="0"><i></i><strong class="J-number">71</strong></span>
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<strong>Daniel Lightwing</strong>
<span>2006 IMO 银牌获得者</span>
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æœ‰é¢†åœŸçº çº·çš„å›½å®¶å…³ç³»ä¸€å®šä¸å¥½å—？
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<a href="/tashuo/browse/content?id=f24f0a8039167d347f0c0827&lemmaId=&fromLemmaModule=pcBottom" target="_blank">
å¯ä»¥å‚考一下 汉斯岛 Hans Island这座å°å²›å‘¢ï¼Œä½äºŽä¸¤åº§å¤§å²›æ£ä¸é—´ã€‚也就是ä½äºŽä¸¤ä¸ªå›½å®¶æ£ä¸é—´ã€‚西北方å‘20公里的那个是 埃尔斯米尔岛 Ellesmere Islandã€‚åŠ æ‹¿å¤§æœ€åŒ—è¾¹çš„åœ°æ–¹ã€‚19.6万平方公里é¢ç§¯ï¼Œå…¶å®žå®Œå…¨å¯ä»¥æŽ’å为世界å大岛之一。é¢ç§¯è§„模跟本州岛（日...</a>
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<span class="tashuo-publish-date">2018-03-20</span><span class="tashuo-like J-like " data-isvote="0"><i></i><strong class="J-number">564</strong></span>
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<span class="index">1.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor" name="refIndex_1_6365277" id="refIndex_1_6365277" title="å‘上跳转" href="#ref_[1]_6365277"> </a>
<a rel="nofollow" href="/redirect/f7a6MGdzk8TPiApqccp2F7frPYtOEI0ZTndiv7qBU5r9_m4YT0KgBEW639HBsa7S6HkK4wntGnQy7vc" target="_blank" class="text">ä¸è¯‘æ„<span class="linkout"> </span></a>
<span class="site">．翻译</span><span>[引用日期2019-01-27]</span></li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type1 " id="reference-[2]-6365277-wrap">
<span class="index">2.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor" name="refIndex_2_6365277" id="refIndex_2_6365277" title="å‘上跳转" href="#ref_[2]_6365277"> </a>
<a rel="nofollow" href="/redirect/5b5dJ0cfDlmluz0X-hcoOKPCtBHtm3neaL-Wmq-mTjsuUm3UpGWSGzt3lEfFdFLSk2j_zRqbW98anuXj8rcEM-srJP8UMw8JEPV82_wVJYB5QUOgqYwuBlclaKb1k7aPpm4mAraq5D2Lfh1y0HSypl3SAduLbg" target="_blank" class="text">ä¸è¯‘æ—¥<span class="linkout"> </span></a>
<span class="site">．翻译</span><span>[引用日期2019-01-27]</span></li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type1 " id="reference-[3]-6365277-wrap">
<span class="index">3.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor" name="refIndex_3_6365277" id="refIndex_3_6365277" title="å‘上跳转" href="#ref_[3]_6365277"> </a>
<a rel="nofollow" href="/redirect/d898By9lV0F2avQ045IXoTjyoHcI0LPXWIMpsOT83xRxlykiCZdc-KWU_HRAbB75QNtSHwXNrboDRdvE7_cAkzQBPjqBLSTCtBDiL4hq5hw812OD6He5P254Cv6yqnJUOOBTuduFSy0Zku-q0D8FAg7YNStyx0eOXwCNGejt4MUlXlRxg0NyL1ZnZhGLR7ezCuOKwvnU8b1uhTSSWk7XpHXf-0MfZzc" target="_blank" class="text">245个国家和地区英文缩写对照<span class="linkout"> </span></a>
<span class="site">．æœå¼•æ–‡ç¼©å†™</span><span>[引用日期2012-10-31]</span></li></ul>
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éžåœ°ç†
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<span class="title-index">1.1</span>
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<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">6</span>
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</span>
</a>
</dt>
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<a href="#7_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">7.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">独立æƒ</span>
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</a>
</dd>
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<a href="#7_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">7.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">å¹³ç‰æƒ</span>
</span>
</a>
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<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">7.3</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">自ä¿æƒ</span>
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<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">7.4</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">管辖æƒ</span>
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<a href="#8_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">8.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">åå•å†…容</span>
</span>
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<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">8.2</span>
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</span>
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<span class="title-index">10</span>
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<a href="#11" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">11</span>
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<span class="title-index">12</span>
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</dt>
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<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">12.1</span>
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<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">12.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">阶级统治</span>
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<a href="#12_3" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">12.3</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">国家是机器</span>
</span>
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<a href="#13" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">13</span>
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$('body').on('click', '.lock-lemma', function () {
var me = $(this);
var content = '<div style="text-align: left;width: 528px">'
+ '<h2 style="font-size: 20px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 20px;">'
+ 'è¯æ¡é”å®šï¼Œæš‚æ—¶æ— æ³•ç¼–è¾‘</h2>'
+ '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;">'
+ '亲爱的用户，è¯æ¡å˜åœ¨äº‰è®®æˆ–è¯æ¡å†…容较完善都å¯èƒ½è¢«é”定（'
+ '<a href="/view/10812319.htm" target="_blank">查看详情</a>）。</p>'
+ '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;">'
+ 'å¦‚æžœä½ è®¤ä¸ºé”定è¯æ¡å†…容å˜åœ¨é—®é¢˜éœ€è¦ä¿®æ”¹ï¼Œå¯è¿›è¡Œä»¥ä¸‹æ“作：</p></div>';
new Dialog({
title: '编辑æ示',
content: content,
btns: [
{
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">å‚与è¯æ¡è®¨è®ºï¼Œå馈è¯æ¡é—®é¢˜</span>',
key: 'discussion'
}
],
onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
if (btnKey === 'discussion') {
window.location.href = '/planet/talk?lemmaId=17205&category=1';
}
}
}).show();
});
// 获å–讨论数
$.get('/discussion/api/getdiscussioncount?lemmaId=17205', function (res) {
if (res && res.errno === 0 && res.data.discussionCount > 0) {
var numText = res.data.discussionCount <= 99 ? res.data.discussionCount : '99+';
$('.j-discussion-link .num').text(numText).show();
}
});
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .j-discussion-link').on('click', function () {
$(this).find('.num').remove();
});
// 讨论按钮展现é‡
nsLog(90000101, window.location.href, {
lemmaid: 17205
});
}
}();
!function(){ require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/basicInfo/basicInfo')();
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
nslog(10002701);
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaCatalog a').on('click', function () {
nslog(10002702);
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('17205', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/tashuo/tashuo"],function(init){
init();
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaRelation/lemmaInsert'], function(init) {
init({ // 关系化统计需求--ä¼ å‚ shangwenbin
lemmaId: "8426",
newLemmaId: "17205",
subLemmaId: "6365277",
lemmaTitle: "国家"
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaReference/lemmaReference","wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaReference/lemmaReferenceTip/lemmaReferenceTip"],function(Reference,ReferenceTip){
new Reference({
subLemmaId:"6365277"
});
new ReferenceTip({
subLemmaId:"17205",
lemmaTitle:"国家",
reference:[{"type":"1","title":"\u4e2d\u8bd1\u610f","url":"\/redirect\/f7a6MGdzk8TPiApqccp2F7frPYtOEI0ZTndiv7qBU5r9_m4YT0KgBEW639HBsa7S6HkK4wntGnQy7vc","site":"\u7ffb\u8bd1","publishDate":"","refDate":"2019-01-27","index":1,"count":"1"},{"type":"1","title":"\u4e2d\u8bd1\u65e5","url":"\/redirect\/5b5dJ0cfDlmluz0X-hcoOKPCtBHtm3neaL-Wmq-mTjsuUm3UpGWSGzt3lEfFdFLSk2j_zRqbW98anuXj8rcEM-srJP8UMw8JEPV82_wVJYB5QUOgqYwuBlclaKb1k7aPpm4mAraq5D2Lfh1y0HSypl3SAduLbg","site":"\u7ffb\u8bd1","publishDate":"","refDate":"2019-01-27","index":2,"count":"1"},{"index":3,"type":"1","title":"245\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\u82f1\u6587\u7f29\u5199\u5bf9\u7167","url":"\/redirect\/d898By9lV0F2avQ045IXoTjyoHcI0LPXWIMpsOT83xRxlykiCZdc-KWU_HRAbB75QNtSHwXNrboDRdvE7_cAkzQBPjqBLSTCtBDiL4hq5hw812OD6He5P254Cv6yqnJUOOBTuduFSy0Zku-q0D8FAg7YNStyx0eOXwCNGejt4MUlXlRxg0NyL1ZnZhGLR7ezCuOKwvnU8b1uhTSSWk7XpHXf-0MfZzc","site":"\u641c\u5f15\u6587\u7f29\u5199","publishDate":"","refDate":"2012-10-31","count":"11"}]
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery"],function($){
function openTagToggle(node) {
if ($(node).hasClass("collapse")) {
$(node).removeClass("collapse");
$("#open-tag").css("height", '22px');
} else {
$(node).addClass("collapse");
$("#open-tag").css("height", $("#open-tag-item").css("height"));
}
}
if (parseInt($("#open-tag-item").css("height")) <= 30) {
$('#open-tag-collapse').hide();
}
$("#open-tag-collapse").on("click", function () {
openTagToggle($("#open-tag")[0]);
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightTashuo/rightTashuo"],function(init){
init({
lemmaId: 17205,
lemmaTitle: '国家'
});
});
}();
!function(){ require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/configModule/zhixin/zhixin')(
17205,
'国家'
);
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaStatistics/lemmaStatistics"],function(init){
init({
newLemmaIdEnc:"a8faef4968383a27fab127e0"
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/sideCatalog/sideCatalog"],function(SideCatalog){
new SideCatalog();
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/fengchao/fengchao","wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/unionAd/unionAd"], function (init, unionAd) {
init({
newLemmaId: "17205",
lemmaTitle: "国家",
encodeLemmaTitle: "%B9%FA%BC%D2",
adManager: null
}, {
errFn: unionAd,
dom: $('#side_box_unionAd')
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/guessLike/guessLike'], function (app) {
app.init({
lemmaTitle: '国家',
adManager: null
});
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var Dialog = require("wiki-common:widget/ui/dialog/dialog");
var userLogin = require('wiki-common:widget/component/userLogin/userLogin');
var unameFiller = require('wiki-common:widget/component/unameFiller/unameFiller');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
var nsLog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
var isEnterprise = false;
var enterpriseOwnerUserId = 0;
var userId = 0;
var editUrl = '/edit/' + encodeURIComponent('国家') + '/' + '17205';
var pgcUrl = '/enterprise/editpgc?lemmaId=17205';
var canDiscussion = $('.j-discussion-link').length > 0 ? true : false;
userLogin.regist({
onLogin: function(user) {
userId = user ? user.uid : 0;
}
});
function gotoEdit(url, isMidNight) {
if (isMidNight) {
Dialog.alert({
title: '编辑æ示',
subMsg: '晚23:00至次日8:00ï¼Œå› å®¡æ ¸ç³»ç»Ÿä¾‹è¡Œç»´æŠ¤ï¼Œæ‚¨æ交的版本å¯èƒ½éœ€è¦è¾ƒé•¿æ—¶é—´æ‰èƒ½é€šè¿‡ï¼Œæœ›æ‚¨è°…解。',
onConfirm: function() {
window.location.href = url;
}
});
} else {
window.location.href = url;
}
}
function showChoseEditDialog(pgcCallback, ugcCallback) {
new Dialog({
title: '编辑æ示',
subMsg: '<p>您已开通ä¼ä¸šç™¾ç§‘æœåŠ¡ï¼ŒæŽ¨è您直接编辑“官方资料â€ï¼Œå®˜æ–¹èµ„料仅é™ä¼ä¸šç™¾ç§‘绑定的百科账å·ä¿®æ”¹ï¼Œå…¶ä»–用户账å·ä¸å¯ä¿®æ”¹ã€‚</p><p>如果您想修改其他网å‹ç¼–辑的普通è¯æ¡å†…容，请注æ„éµå®ˆç™¾ç§‘百科编辑规则。<p>',
btns: [{
key: 'pgc',
text: '编辑官方资料'
}, {
style: 'white',
text: '修改普通è¯æ¡',
key: 'ugc'
}],
onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
if (btnKey === 'pgc') {
pgcCallback && pgcCallback();
} else if (btnKey === 'ugc') {
ugcCallback && ugcCallback();
}
}
}).show();
}
function checkUserLegal(res) {
var legal = false;
switch (res.errno) {
case 100001:
nsLog('10003106');
userLogin.showLoginPop();
break;
case 100006:
unameFiller.show();
break;
default:
legal = true;
}
return true;
}
function checkUgc(res, url) {
if (res.errno) {
switch (res.errno) {
case 100005:
alert('对ä¸èµ·ï¼Œæ‚¨ç›®å‰è¢«å°ç¦');
break;
case 110001:
alert('对ä¸èµ·ï¼Œè¯¥è¯æ¡è¢«é”定');
break;
case 110007:
alert('对ä¸èµ·ï¼Œæ¶ˆæ§é¡µæ— 法编辑');
break;
case 110005:
nsLog('10003101');
var content = '<div style="text-align: left;width: 490px">'
+ '<h2 style="font-size: 20px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 20px;">'
+ '对ä¸èµ·ï¼Œä½ 暂时没有æƒé™ç¼–辑该è¯æ¡</h2>'
+ '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 17px;">'
+ '亲爱的用户，该è¯æ¡å†…容已较完善，需百科ç‰çº§è¾¾åˆ°4级且通过率达85%æ‰å¯ç¼–辑哦。</p>'
+ '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333">ä½ å½“å‰ç™¾ç§‘ç‰çº§ä¸º'
+ res.data.userInfo.level + '级ã€é€šè¿‡çŽ‡'
+ res.data.userInfo.passRatio + '%，å¯è¿›è¡Œä»¥ä¸‹æ“作：</p></div>';
var btns = [
{
key: 'join',
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;display: table-cell;">å馈è¯æ¡é—®é¢˜ï¼Œå‚与百科共建</span>'
},
{
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;display: table-cell;">å‚åŠ æˆé•¿ä»»åŠ¡ï¼Œæå‡ç¼–辑æƒé™</span>',
key: 'task'
}
];
if (canDiscussion) {
btns = [
{
key: 'discussion',
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">å‚与è¯æ¡è®¨è®ºï¼Œå馈è¯æ¡é—®é¢˜</span>'
},
{
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">å‚åŠ æˆé•¿ä»»åŠ¡ï¼Œæå‡ç¼–辑æƒé™</span>',
key: 'task'
}
];
}
new Dialog({
title: '编辑æ示',
content: content,
btns: btns,
onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
if (btnKey === 'discussion') {
window.location.href = '/planet/talk?lemmaId=17205&category=1';
} else if (btnKey === 'task') {
window.location.href = '/usercenter#guide';
} else if (btnKey === 'join') {
window.location.href = '/feedback';
}
}
}).show();
break;
case 110008:
nsLog('10003102');
var content = '<div style="text-align: left;width: 490px">'
+ '<h2 style="font-size: 20px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 20px;margin-top: 10px;">'
+ '对ä¸èµ·ï¼Œä½ 暂时没有æƒé™ç¼–辑该è¯æ¡</h2>'
+ '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 17px;">'
+ '亲爱的用户，该è¯æ¡å†…容已较完善，需百科ç‰çº§è¾¾åˆ°6级且通过率达85%æ‰å¯ç¼–辑哦。</p>'
+ '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333">ä½ å½“å‰ç™¾ç§‘ç‰çº§ä¸º'
+ res.data.userInfo.level + '级ã€é€šè¿‡çŽ‡'
+ res.data.userInfo.passRatio + '%，å¯è¿›è¡Œä»¥ä¸‹æ“作：</p></div>';
var btns = [
{
key: 'join',
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;display: table-cell;">å馈è¯æ¡é—®é¢˜ï¼Œå‚与百科共建</span>'
},
{
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;display: table-cell;">å‚åŠ æˆé•¿ä»»åŠ¡ï¼Œæå‡ç¼–辑æƒé™</span>',
key: 'task'
}
];
if (canDiscussion) {
btns = [
{
key: 'discussion',
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">å‚与è¯æ¡è®¨è®ºï¼Œå馈è¯æ¡é—®é¢˜</span>'
},
{
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">å‚åŠ æˆé•¿ä»»åŠ¡ï¼Œæå‡ç¼–辑æƒé™</span>',
key: 'task'
}
];
}
new Dialog({
title: '编辑æ示',
content: content,
btns: btns,
onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
if (btnKey === 'discussion') {
window.location.href = '/planet/talk?lemmaId=17205&category=1';
} else if (btnKey === 'task') {
window.location.href = '/usercenter#guide';
} else if (btnKey === 'join') {
window.location.href = '/feedback';
}
}
}).show();
break;
case 470001:
alert('系统错误，请刷新é‡è¯•');
break;
case 110003:
nsLog('10003103');
Dialog.alert({
title: '编辑æ示',
subMsg: '很抱æ‰ï¼Œè¯¥è¯æ¡æœ‰å…¶ä»–用户编辑的版本æ£åœ¨æäº¤ï¼Œæ‚¨æš‚æ—¶æ— æ³•ç¼–è¾‘ã€‚<br/>百科建议您晚些时候å†ç¼–辑该è¯æ¡ï¼Œæˆ–者å°è¯•ç¼–辑其他的è¯æ¡ã€‚'
});
break;
}
} else {
if (!res.data.right.noAudit) {
Dialog.alert({
title: '编辑æ示',
subMsg: '很抱æ‰ï¼Œè¯¥è¯æ¡æœ‰å…¶ä»–用户编辑的版本æ£åœ¨æäº¤ï¼Œæ‚¨æš‚æ—¶æ— æ³•ç¼–è¾‘ã€‚<br/>百科建议您晚些时候å†ç¼–辑该è¯æ¡ï¼Œæˆ–者å°è¯•ç¼–辑其他的è¯æ¡ã€‚'
});
return;
}
gotoEdit(url, res.data.notice.isMidNight);
}
}
$(document.body).on('click', '.j-edit-link', function() {
nsLog('10003100');
var dl = $(this).attr('data-edit-dl');
if (dl) {
var url = editUrl + '?dl=' + dl;
} else {
var url = editUrl;
}
rightCheck.preeditCheck('17205', '国家', '政治地ç†å¦åè¯ï¼ˆå›½åœŸã€æ°‘æ—ã€æ–‡åŒ–和政府）', '136157447', '', function(res) {
if (!checkUserLegal(res)) {
return;
}
if (isEnterprise && enterpriseOwnerUserId === userId) {
showChoseEditDialog(function() {
location.href = pgcUrl;
}, function() {
checkUgc(res, url);
});
} else {
checkUgc(res, url);
}
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery","wiki-common:widget/component/footer/footer_feedback"], function($, feedback){
feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-main',
proData: {
"extend_feedback_channel": null
}
});
feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-query', config: {
appid: 215645,
productLine: 20184,
needContactWay: false,
issuePlaceholder: '亲爱的百度百科用户，请在æ¤å¡«å†™æ‚¨çš„质疑内容åŠåŽŸå› 哦～'
},
proData: {
"kw": $('#J-bk-feedback-query').data('lemma')
}
});
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar-n/searchbar');
initSearchbar($('.wgt-searchbar-simple'));
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/toolButtons"],function(init){
init({
lemmaId:"8426",
subLemmaId:"6365277",
newLemmaId:"17205"
});
});
}();
!function(){ require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/userInfo')();
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
animation = require('wiki-common:widget/util/animation'),
nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog'),
initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar/searchbar');
var isFadeIn = false,
isFadeOut = false;
var fadeInAni, fadeOutAni;
$(window).on('scroll', function(e) {
var scrollTop = $(this).scrollTop();
if (scrollTop > 200 && !isFadeIn && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'none') {
fadeOutAni && fadeOutAni.stop();
fadeInAni = animation({
duration: 200,
easing: 'linear',
onStart: function() {
isFadeOut = false;
isFadeIn = true;
$('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'block');
},
onStep: function(progress) {
$('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', progress)
},
onComplete: function(progress) {
isFadeIn = false;
nslog(10010007);
}
});
} else if (scrollTop <= 200 && !isFadeOut && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'block') {
fadeInAni && fadeInAni.stop();
fadeOutAni = animation({
duration: 300,
easing: 'linear',
onStart: function() {
$('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader #suggestion').hide();
isFadeIn = false;
isFadeOut = true;
},
onStep: function(progress) {
$('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', 1 - progress);
},
onComplete: function(progress) {
isFadeOut = false;
$('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'none');
}
});
}
});
}();
!function(){ require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/qzopensl');
require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/taskSideShare"],function(taskShare){
taskShare.init({
title: '国家',
desc: "\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08States\uff09\u662f\u7531\u9886\u571f\u3001\u4eba\u6c11\uff08\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u5c45\u6c11\uff09\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u56db\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u4ece\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u6307\u62e5\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u8840\u7edf\u3001\u9886\u571f\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u8005\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u4ece\u72ed\u4e49\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u4e00\u5b9a\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u6240\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u4eba\u6587\u5730\u7406\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u6307\u88ab\u4eba\u6c11\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u5730\u7406\u533a\u522b\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u9886\u571f\uff1b\u88ab\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\u533a\u522b\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u5757\u9886\u5730\uff1b\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u5730\u6216\u8005\u90a6\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\uff1b\u8ddf\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\u6709\u5173\u8054\u7684\u5730\u533a\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u56fd\u5bb6\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u5f53\u5c40\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u62e5\u6709",
pic: 'https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/-Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/w%3D268\/sign=6db7ece877d98d1076d40b37193eb807\/bd315c6034a85edfcedb843742540923dd54754a.jpg',
url: '',
qqPic: 'https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/-Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D421%2C421%2C50\/sign=a5a734ad95510fb3784c24d7bf0efca7\/bd315c6034a85edfcedb843742540923dd54754a.jpg',
newLemmaId: '17205',
lemmaTitle: '国家'
});
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var nslog = require("wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog");
var testElem = require('wiki-common:widget/component/testElem/testElem');
var cmsModuleLoader = require('wiki-common:widget/component/cmsModuleLoader/cmsModuleLoader');
function requireAsync() {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement']);
}
cmsModuleLoader('/api/wikiui/getlemmaconfig', [{
name: 'announcement',
script: 'wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement.js'
}]);
require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/lazyLoad/lazyLoad"], function(LazyLoad) {
new LazyLoad();
});
require.async(['wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog','wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'], function(nslog, $) {
nslog().setGlobal({
lemmaId: "8426",
newLemmaId: "17205",
subLemmaId: "6365277",
lemmaTitle: "国家"
});
// è¯æ¡é¡µ pv
nslog(9322);
// 新版头部pv（å°æµé‡ï¼‰
if ($('.pc-header-new').length > 0) {
nslog(9069);
}
// 链接点击 pv
var lemmaPageRegExp = new RegExp(/\/subview\/\d+|\/view\/\d+|\/item\//i);
$('body').on('mousedown', 'a', function() {
var href = $(this).attr('href');
if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0) {
// 链接点击 pv
nslog(10000001);
if (lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
// è¯æ¡é¡µé“¾æŽ¥ç‚¹å‡» pv
nslog(10000002, window.location.href, {
targetTitle: $(this).text()
});
}
}
});
/****** è¯æ¡é¡µç«™å†…æµè½¬éœ€æ±‚统计 start ******/
(function () {
// å„ç§ç»Ÿè®¡é…ç½®
var circulationLinkCfg = {
innerLink: [ // 内链
'.para',
'.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeMovie',
'.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeStar',
'.basic-info .basicInfo-block',
'.lemma-summary',
'.lemmaWgt-lemmaSummary',
'.view-tip-panel',
'.horizontal-module',
'.lemmaWgt-roleIntroduction',
'.dramaSeries .dramaSerialList',
'.module-music',
'.table-view',
'[log-set-param="table_view"]',
'.list-module',
'.cell-module',
'.baseBox .dl-baseinfo', // é…ç½®åŽå°å—段
'.pvBtn-box .leadPVBtnWrapper',
'.drama-actor',
'#staffList',
'.starMovieAndTvplay',
'.main_tab:not(.main_tab-defaultTab)' // 除去è¯æ¡tab外的tab
],
relationTable: '.rs-container-foot', // 关系表
peopleRelation: '.star-info-block.relations, .lemmaWgt-focusAndRelation', // 人物关系（明星+普通）
moduleActors: '.featureBaseInfo .actors, .lemmaWgt-majorActors', // 主è¦æ¼”员ã€å˜‰å®¾ã€ä¸»æŒäºº
moduleWorks: '.featureBaseInfo .works, .large-feature .works', // 代表作å“
moduleQuarterly: '.featureBaseInfo .po_quarterly, .mian_quarterly', // 分å£ä»‹ç»
rankStar: '.rank-list.stars-rank', // 明星榜
rankDrama: '.drama-rank-list', // 电视剧榜
specialTopic: '.special-topic', // 专题模å—
modDetailTable: '#modDetailTable', // 关系表出图
chuizhitu: '.chuizhitu', // 垂直化模å—
polysemantList: '.polysemantList-wrapper' // 义项切æ¢
};
/****** 连接统计 ******/
function clickNslogFn() {
for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
if (k === 'innerLink') {
// è¯æ¡å†…链到è¯æ¡é¡µ
var tempArr = circulationLinkCfg[k];
for (var i = 0, l = tempArr.length; i < l; i++) {
tempArr[i] += ' a';
}
var sSelector = tempArr.join(', ');
$('body').on('mousedown', sSelector, {key: k},function(e) {
var key = e.data.key;
var href = $(this).attr('href');
var tar = $(this).attr('target') || '';
if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0
&& tar === '_blank' && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
// è¯æ¡é¡µæ™®é€šå†…链点击 pv
nslog(10000004, null ,{division: key});
}
});
} else {
// 模å—到è¯æ¡é¡µé“¾æŽ¥
$(circulationLinkCfg[k]).on('mousedown', 'a', {key: k}, function (e) {
var key = e.data.key;
var href = $(this).attr('href');
if (href && href.indexOf('#') !== 0 && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
// è¯æ¡é¡µé…置模å—链接点击 pv
nslog(10000004, null, {division: key});
}
});
}
}
}
// å‘起统计请求
clickNslogFn();
/****** å„模å—展现é‡pv ******/
function checkModuleIsShow() {
var result = [];
for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
if (k !== 'innerLink' && k !== 'relationTable') {
!!$(circulationLinkCfg[k]).html() && result.push(k);
}
}
if (result.length > 0) {
nslog(10000005, null, {showModules: result.join(',')});
}
}
checkModuleIsShow();
})();
/****** è¯æ¡é¡µç«™å†…æµè½¬éœ€æ±‚统计 end ******/
});
// 广告接入 wikiad ç»Ÿä¸€åŠ è½½
// log è¯æ¡é¡µå¹¿å‘Šè¢«æ‹¦æˆªæƒ…况（æ¤å¤„ log 请求行为）
nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
api: 'lemma-ad',
action: 'request'
});
var tags = {"2":{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u975e\u5730\u7406"},"1":{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u5730\u7406"},"0":{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u5730\u70b9"}};
var tagsArray = [];
for (var key in tags) {
tagsArray.push(tags[key].tagName);
}
$.ajax({
type: 'GET',
url: '/api/wikiad/getsquirrels',
data: {
lemmaId: 17205,
tags: tagsArray.join()
},
cache: false,
dataType: 'JSON',
success: function (res) {
// log è¯æ¡é¡µå¹¿å‘Šè¢«æ‹¦æˆªæƒ…况（æ¤å¤„ log 请求æˆåŠŸï¼‰
nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
api: 'lemma-ad',
action: 'success'
});
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data[5]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightPreciseAd/rightPreciseAd'], function(rightPreciseAd) {
rightPreciseAd(res.data[5]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[5][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[5][0].name,
adPos: 5
});
});
} else if (res.data[1]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/vbaike/vbaike'], function(vbaike) {
vbaike(res.data[1]);
for(var i in res.data[1]) {
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[1][i].adId,
adTitle: res.data[1][i].name,
adPos: 1
});
}
});
}
if (res.data[9]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightBigAd/rightBigAd'], function(rightBigAd) {
rightBigAd(res.data[9]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[9][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[9][0].name,
adPos: 9
});
});
} else if(res.data[2]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/slide/slide'], function(slide) {
slide(res.data[2]);
for(var i in res.data[2]) {
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[2][i].adId,
adTitle: res.data[2][i].name,
adPos: 2
});
}
});
}
if (res.data[3]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/topAd/topAd'], function(topAd) {
topAd(res.data[3]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[3][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[3][0].name,
adPos: 3
});
});
}
if (res.data[4]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightAd/rightAd'], function(rightAd) {
rightAd(res.data[4]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[4][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[4][0].name,
adPos: 4
});
});
}
if (res.data[15]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/banner/banner'], function(banner) {
banner(res.data[15]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[15][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[15][0].name,
adPos: 15
});
});
}
if (res.data[16]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/declaration/declaration'], function(declaration) {
declaration(res.data[16]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[16][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[16][0].name,
adPos: 16
});
})
}
} else {
return;
}
setTimeout(function () {
var elemArr = {};
res.data[1] && res.data[1].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-vbaike-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-vbaike .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
res.data[2] && res.data[2].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-slide-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-slide .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
res.data[3] && res.data[3].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-navbar-ad'] = {
node: $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').get(0),
validations: {
'noBackgroundImage': function() {
return $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').css('background-image').indexOf(res.data[3][0].picUrl) < 0
}
}
});
res.data[4] && res.data[4].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-side-ad'] = {
node: $('.right-ad img').get(0),
validations: {
'noBackgroundImage': function() {
return $('.right-ad img').attr('src').indexOf(res.data[4][0].picUrl) < 0
}
}
});
res.data[15] && res.data[15].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-banner'] = $('.configModuleBanner').get(0));
res.data[16] && res.data[16].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-declaration'] = $('.lemmaWgt-declaration').get(0));
testElem.log(elemArr, 70000102);
}, 1000);
},
error: function () {
// log è¯æ¡é¡µå¹¿å‘Šè¢«æ‹¦æˆªæƒ…况（æ¤å¤„ log 请求失败）
nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
api: 'lemma-ad',
action: 'error'
});
}
});
// 设置分享内容
window.BKShare.setCommon({
bdText: "\u3010\u56fd\u5bb6_\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\u3011\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08States\uff09\u662f\u7531\u9886\u571f\u3001\u4eba\u6c11\uff08\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u5c45\u6c11\uff09\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u56db\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u4ece\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u6307\u62e5\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u8840\u7edf\u3001\u9886\u571f\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u8005\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u4ece\u72ed\u4e49\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u4e00\u5b9a\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u6240\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u4eba\u6587\u5730\u7406\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u6307\u88ab\u4eba\u6c11\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u5730\u7406\u533a\u522b\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u9886\u571f\uff1b\u88ab\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\u533a\u522b\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u5757\u9886\u5730\uff1b\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u5730\u6216\u8005\u90a6\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\uff1b\u8ddf\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\u6709\u5173\u8054\u7684\u5730\u533a\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u56fd\u5bb6\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u5f53\u5c40\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u62e5\u6709.....\uff08\u5206\u4eab\u81ea@\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\uff09",
bdDesc: '',
bdUrl: 'http:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6\/17205',
bdPic: '',
onBeforeClick: function (){
$('.bdshare_dialog_box').hide();
}
});
// 底部投诉带入当å‰é¡µé¢ url
var map = [1, 2, 6, 5];
$('.wgt-footer-main .suggestion').find('a').each(function(i) {
$(this).attr('href', 'http://help.baidu.com/newadd?word=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6' + '&&submit_link=' + encodeURIComponent(window.location.href) + '&prod_id=10&category=' + map[i]);
});
// ä¸ºè¶…å‡ºé¢„è®¾å†…å®¹çš„è¡¨æ ¼æ·»åŠ table-responsive控制
$('.main-content').find('table').each(function(index) {
var $that = $(this);
if ($that.width() > 790) {
$that.wrap('<div class="table-responsive"></div>');
}
});
}();
!function(){ require('wiki-common:widget/component/psLink/psLink');
}();
!function(){ require('wiki-common:widget/component/recruitment/recruitment');
}();</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var Hunter = window.Hunter || {};
Hunter.userConfig = Hunter.userConfig || [];
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://gss0.baidu.com/70cFsjip0QIZ8tyhnq/hunter/baike.js?st=17967" defer></script><script type="text/javascript">
// DOM Ready时，统计用户å¯æ“作时间。
alog('speed.set', 'drt', +new Date);
void function(a,b,c,d,e,f){function g(b){a.attachEvent?a.attachEvent("onload",b,!1):a.addEventListener&&a.addEventListener("load",b)}function h(a,c,d){d=d||15;var e=new Date;e.setTime((new Date).getTime()+1e3*d),b.cookie=a+"="+escape(c)+";path=/;expires="+e.toGMTString()}function i(a){var c=b.cookie.match(new RegExp("(^| )"+a+"=([^;]*)(;|$)"));return null!=c?unescape(c[2]):null}function j(){var a=i("PMS_JT");if(a){h("PMS_JT","",-1);try{a=a.match(/{["']s["']:(\d+),["']r["']:["']([\s\S]+)["']}/),a=a&&a[1]&&a[2]?{s:parseInt(a[1]),r:a[2]}:{}}catch(c){a={}}a.r&&b.referrer.replace(/#.*/,"")!=a.r||alog("speed.set","wt",a.s)}}if(a.alogObjectConfig){var k=a.alogObjectConfig.sample,l=a.alogObjectConfig.rand;d="https:"===a.location.protocol?"https://fex.bdstatic.com"+d:"http://fex.bdstatic.com"+d,k&&l&&l>k||(g(function(){alog("speed.set","lt",+new Date),e=b.createElement(c),e.async=!0,e.src=d+"?v="+~(new Date/864e5)+~(new Date/864e5),f=b.getElementsByTagName(c)[0],f.parentNode.insertBefore(e,f)}),j())}}(window,document,"script","/hunter/alog/dp.min.js");
</script>
</html>