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<meta name="description" content="青铜是金属冶铸史上最早的合金,在纯铜(紫铜)中加入锡或铅的合金,有特殊重要性和历史意义,与纯铜(紫铜)相比,青铜强度高且熔点低(25%的锡冶炼青铜,熔点就会降低到800℃。纯铜(紫铜)的熔点为1083℃)。青铜铸造性好,耐磨且化学性质稳定。青铜发明后,立刻盛行起来,从此人类历史也就进入新的阶段-青铜时代。2015年3月28日,河南省周口市发现一处战国至东汉时期的墓葬群,发掘出土一批精美随葬品,其中的一把青铜剑,保存完好,十分罕见。1965年在湖北省江陵县望山1号墓出土一把越王勾践剑,这把宝剑穿越了两千多年的历史长河,剑身不见丝毫锈斑,依旧寒光闪闪、锋利无比,被誉为“天下第一剑”。...">
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<li class="item">▪<span class="selected">铜锡合金</span></li>
<li class="item">▪<a title="曹文轩作品《青铜葵花》人物" href='/item/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C/19521491#viewPageContent'>曹文轩作品《青铜葵花》人物</a></li>
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<li class="item">▪<a title="《博物志》中的人物角色" href='/item/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C/20409727#viewPageContent'>《博物志》中的人物角色</a></li>
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<h1 >青铜</h1>
<h2>(铜锡合金)</h2>
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</div><div class="lemma-summary" label-module="lemmaSummary">
<div class="para" label-module="para">青铜是金属冶铸史上最早的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%88%E9%87%91/1840333" data-lemmaid="1840333">合金</a>,在纯铜(<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B4%AB%E9%93%9C/9234244" data-lemmaid="9234244">紫铜</a>)中加入<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%94%A1/1196" data-lemmaid="1196">锡</a>或铅的合金,有特殊重要性和历史意义,与纯铜(<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B4%AB%E9%93%9C/9234244" data-lemmaid="9234244">紫铜</a>)相比,青铜强度高且熔点低(25%的锡冶炼青铜,熔点就会降低到800℃。纯铜(紫铜)的熔点为1083℃)。青铜铸造性好,耐磨且化学性质稳定。</div><div class="para" label-module="para">青铜发明后,立刻盛行起来,从此人类历史也就进入新的阶段-<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3/82087" data-lemmaid="82087">青铜时代</a>。</div><div class="para" label-module="para">2015年3月28日,河南省周口市发现一处战国至东汉时期的墓葬群,发掘出土一批精美随葬品,其中的一把青铜剑,保存完好,十分罕见。1965年在湖北省江陵县望山1号墓出土一把<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B6%8A%E7%8E%8B%E5%8B%BE%E8%B7%B5%E5%89%91/2572358" data-lemmaid="2572358">越王勾践剑</a>,这把宝剑穿越了两千多年的历史长河,剑身不见丝毫锈斑,依旧寒光闪闪、锋利无比,被誉为“天下第一剑”。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="1" data-ctrmap=":1,">
[1]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[1]_8050760">&nbsp;</a>
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</div><div class="basic-info cmn-clearfix">
<dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-left">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">中文名</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
青铜
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">外文名</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
bronz
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">别&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;名</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
铜锡合金
</dd>
</dl><dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-right">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">性 能</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
铸造性能﹑减摩性能好
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">应&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
轴承﹑蜗轮﹑齿轮
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">最早铸造</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
公元前6000年
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="lemmaWgt-lemmaCatalog">
<div class="lemma-catalog">
<h2 class="block-title">目录</h2>
<div class="catalog-list column-3">
<ol>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">1</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1">简介</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">2</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2">特点</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">3</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3">运用</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3_1">国外</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3_2">中国</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">4</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4">研究</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level1">
<span class="index">5</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#5">考古发现</a></span>
</li>
</ol>

</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub8050760_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="简介" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">青铜</span>简介</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="1" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">青铜是金属冶铸史上最早的合金,在纯铜(紫铜)中加入锡或铅的合金,有特殊重要性和历史意义,与纯铜(紫铜)相比,青铜强度高且熔点低(25%的锡冶炼青铜,熔点就会降低到800℃。纯铜(紫铜)的熔点为1083℃)。青铜铸造性好,耐磨且化学性质稳定。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">青铜发明后,立刻盛行起来,从此人类历史也就进入新的阶段-青铜时代。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2015年3月28日,河南省<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%91%A8%E5%8F%A3%E5%B8%82/2175320" data-lemmaid="2175320">周口市</a>发现一处战国至东汉时期的墓葬群,发掘出土一批精美随葬品,其中的一把青铜剑,保存完好,十分罕见。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub8050760_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="特点" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">青铜</span>特点</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="2" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">青铜具有熔点低、硬度大、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%AF%E5%A1%91%E6%80%A7">可塑性</a>强、耐磨、耐腐蚀、色泽光亮等特点,<div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:220px; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
			href="/pic/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C/33219/0/f11f3a292df5e0fe8895c38c546034a85fdf72a9?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="" style="width:220px;height:206px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAMAAAAoyzS7AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRF9fX1AAAA0VQI3QAAAAxJREFUeNpiYAAIMAAAAgABT21Z4QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://gss1.bdstatic.com/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=a1ceb53d6d380cd7e21ea5ef9145ad14/f11f3a292df5e0fe8895c38c546034a85fdf72a9.jpg"  alt="" style="width:220px;height:206px;"/>
</a>
</div>适用于铸造各种器具、机械零件、轴承、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%BD%BF%E8%BD%AE">齿轮</a>等。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">青铜器的类别有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A3%9F%E5%99%A8">食器</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%92%E5%99%A8">酒器</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%B4%E5%99%A8">水器</a>、乐器、兵器、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BD%A6%E9%A9%AC%E5%99%A8">车马器</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%9C%E5%99%A8/802206" data-lemmaid="802206">农器</a>与工具、货币、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8E%BA%E5%8D%B0">玺印</a>与符节、度量衡器、铜镜、杂器十二大类,其下又可细分为若干小类。其中食器、酒器、水器、乐器、兵器,这五类是最主要的、最基本的。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="3" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub8050760_3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="运用" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">青铜</span>运用</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="3" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="3_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub8050760_3_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="国外" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="3-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">青铜</span>国外</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">早在公元前3000年就已制造出青铜,但用作一般应用的人工制品要晚得多。最早的青铜器出现于6000年前的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6">古巴比伦</a><a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%A4%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F">两河流域</a>。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E">苏美尔文明</a>时期雕有狮子形象的大型<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%93%9C%E5%88%80">铜刀</a>是早期青铜器的代表。荷马在《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9">伊利亚特</a>》史诗中提到希腊火神赫斐斯塔司把铜、锡、银、金投入他的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%86%94%E7%82%89">熔炉</a>,结果炼成<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF">阿基里斯</a>所用的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%BE%E7%89%8C/80154" data-lemmaid="80154">盾牌</a>。铜和锡的比例变化范围很大(从残存人工制品中测得,铜含量为67~95%);但在中世纪已经知道不同的比例可以产生不同的效用。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF">威尼斯</a><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%A3%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82">圣马可教堂</a>图书馆收藏的11世纪希腊手抄本中列举了1磅铜与2<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%8E%E5%8F%B8">盎司</a>锡的合金,即8比1的比例,这与后来使用的炮青铜相近。青铜较铜坚硬,熔点较低,容易熔化和铸造;青铜也较纯铁坚硬,不同合金成分的青铜适于制造炮管和机器轴承。在工具和武器中,历史上以铁代替青铜并不是铁本身有任何特殊优点,而是由于铁较铜和锡丰富。钟青铜的特性是受敲击时能发出洪亮的声音。其含锡量较高,为1/4~1/7.雕塑青铜含锡量低到1/10,有时还加入锌和铅的混合物。锌能提高硬度,<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BD%B4%E6%89%BF%E5%90%88%E9%87%91">轴承合金</a>中通常含少量的锌。青铜中加入少量的磷能改善其性能和强度;磷青铜含磷量铸锭可达1~2%,<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%93%B8%E4%BB%B6">铸件</a>只含微量;它的强度高,特别适用于作泵的柱塞、阀和套。在机械工业中也使用锰青铜,它含有少量锡或甚至不含锡,但含有大量锌和锰。除用作工具和武器外,青铜也广泛用于制作钱币;很多铜币实际上是用青铜铸造的,其典型成分是4%的锡和1%的锌。 青铜是和水一样<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%83%AD%E8%83%80%E5%86%B7%E7%BC%A9">热胀冷缩</a>的物质。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="3_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub8050760_3_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="中国" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="3-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">青铜</span>中国</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">中国青铜器文化的发展划分为三大阶段,即<b>形成期、鼎盛期和转变期</b>。形成期是指<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%BE%99%E5%B1%B1">龙山</a>时代,距今4500~4000年;鼎盛期即中国<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3">青铜器时代</a>,时代包括夏、商、西周、春秋及战国早期,延续时间约一千六百余年,也就是中国传统体系的青铜器文化时代;转变时期指战国末期-秦汉时期,青铜器已逐步被铁器取代,不仅数量上大减,而且也由原来礼乐兵器及使用在礼仪祭祀,战争活动等等重要场合变成日常用具,其相应的器别种类、构造特征、装饰艺术也发生了转折性的变化。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>形成期:</b>距今4500~4000年龙山时代,相当于尧舜<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A6%B9/29148" data-lemmaid="29148">禹</a>传说时代。古文献上纪载当时人们已开始冶铸青铜器。黄河、长江中下游地区的龙山时代遗址里,经考古发掘,在几十处遗址里发现了青铜器制品。从现有的材料来看,形成期的铜器有以下特点:</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1、红铜与青铜器并存,并出现黄铜。甘肃省东乡林家遗址,出土一件范铸的青铜刀;河北省唐山大城山遗址发现两件带孔红铜<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%89%8C%E9%A5%B0">牌饰</a>;河南省登封王城岗龙山城内出土一件含锡7%的青铜容器残片;山西省<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A5%84%E6%B1%BE">襄汾</a>陶寺墓地内出土一件完整铜铃,系红铜;山东省胶州<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%89%E9%87%8C%E6%B2%B3%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80">三里河遗址</a>出土两件黄铜锥;山东省<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A0%96%E9%9C%9E">栖霞</a>杨家圈出土黄铜残片。发现铜质制品数量最多的是甘肃、青海、宁夏一带的齐家文化,有好几处墓地出土刀、锥、钻、环和铜镜,有些是青铜,有些是红铜。制作技术方面,有的是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%94%BB%E6%89%93">锻打</a>的,有的是用范铸造的,比较先进。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2、青铜器品种较少,多属于日常工具和生活类,如刀、锥、钻、环、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%93%9C%E9%95%9C">铜镜</a>、装饰品等。但是应当承认当时人们已能够制造容器。此外,在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%BE%99%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96">龙山文化</a>中常见红色或黄色陶鬶,且流口,腹裆部常有模仿的金属铆钉,如果认为这时的铜鬶容器与夏商铜鬶,爵、斝容器功能一样的话,当时的青铜器已经在或开始转向<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A4%BC%E5%99%A8">礼器</a>了。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3、一般小遗址也出土铜制品,一般居民也拥青铜制品。此外,这个时期的青铜制品多朴实无饰,就是有纹饰的铜镜也仅为星条纹、三角纹等等的几何文饰,绝无三代青铜器纹饰的神秘感。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:184px; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
			href="/pic/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C/33219/0/d7c9ca3fbe6226fb7c1e7114?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="战国铜尊盘,湖北随县曾侯乙墓出土" style="width:184px;height:220px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAMAAAAoyzS7AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRF9fX1AAAA0VQI3QAAAAxJREFUeNpiYAAIMAAAAgABT21Z4QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://gss1.bdstatic.com/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=dee712d676c6a7efbd26af24cdfbafe9/94cad1c8a786c91746c8e530c93d70cf3ac757eb.jpg"  alt="战国铜尊盘,湖北随县曾侯乙墓出土" style="width:184px;height:220px;"/>
</a>
<span class="description">
战国铜尊盘,湖北随县曾侯乙墓出土
</span>
</div><b>鼎盛期:</b>包括夏、商、西周、春秋及战国早期,延续时间约一千六百余年。这个时期的青铜器主要分为礼乐器、兵器及杂器。乐器也主要用在宗庙祭祀活动中。礼器是古代繁文缛节的礼仪中使用的,它带有一定的神圣性,是不能在一般生活场合使用的。所有青铜器中,礼器数量最多,制作也最精美。礼乐器可以代表中国青铜器制作工艺的最高水平。礼器种类包括烹炊器、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A3%9F%E5%99%A8">食器</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%92%E5%99%A8">酒器</a>、水器和神像类。这一时期的青铜器装饰最为精美,文饰种类也较多。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">青铜器最常见花纹之一,是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A5%95%E9%A4%AE%E7%BA%B9">饕餮纹</a>,也叫<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%BD%E9%9D%A2%E7%BA%B9">兽面纹</a>。这种纹饰最早出现在距今五千年前长江下游地区的良渚文化玉器上,山东龙山文化继承了这种纹饰。《吕氏春秋·先识》篇内云“周鼎著饕餮,有首无身,食人未咽,害及其身”,故此,一般把这种兽面纹称之为饕餮纹。饕餮纹在二里头夏文化中青铜器上已有了。商周两代的饕餮纹类型很多。西周时代,青铜器纹饰的神秘色彩逐渐减退。龙和凤,仍然是许多青铜器花纹的母题。可以说许多图案化的花纹,实际是从龙蛇、凤鸟两大类纹饰衍变而来的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9D%89%E7%BA%B9">蝉纹</a>,是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%95%86%E4%BB%A3">商代</a>、西周常见的花纹,到了春秋,还有变形的蝉纹。春秋时代,<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9E%AD%E9%BE%99%E7%BA%B9">螭龙纹</a>盛行,逐渐占据了统治地位,把其他花纹差不多都挤掉了。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E5%99%A8">中国古代青铜器</a>的另一个突出特征是制作工艺的精巧绝伦,显示出古代匠师们巧夺天工的创造才能。用陶质的复合范浇铸制作青铜器的和范法,在中国古代得到充分的发展。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%99%B6%E8%8C%83">陶范</a>的选料塑模翻范,花纹刻制均极为考究,浑铸、分铸、铸接、叠铸技术非常成熟。随后发展出来毋需分铸的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%B1%E8%9C%A1%E6%B3%95">失蜡法</a>工艺技术,无疑是青铜铸造工艺的一大进步。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">在青铜器上加以镶嵌以增加美观,这种技术很早就出现了。镶嵌的材料,第一种是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%BF%E6%9D%BE%E7%9F%B3">绿松石</a>。这种绿色的宝石,至今仍应用在首饰上。第二种是玉,有玉援戈,玉叶的矛,玉刃的斧钺等。第三种陨铁,如铁刃铜钺,铁援铜刃,经鉴定,铁刃均为硕铁。第四种是嵌红铜,用红铜来组成兽形花纹。春秋战国时也有用金、银来镶嵌装饰的青铜器。著名的越王剑也是由青铜铸造的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%9C%E5%91%A8">东周</a>时代,冶铸技术发展较高,出现了制造青铜器的技术总结性文献《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%80%83%E5%B7%A5%E8%AE%B0">考工记</a>》。书中对制作钟鼎、斧斤、弋戟等各种器物所用青铜中铜锡的比例作了详细的规定。由于战争频繁,兵器铸造得到了迅速发展。特别是吴、越的宝剑,异常锋利,名闻天下,出现了一些著名的铸剑的匠师,如干将,<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%90">欧治子</a>等人。有的宝剑虽已在地下埋藏两千多年,但仍然可以切开成叠的纸张。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B6%8A%E7%8E%8B%E5%8B%BE%E8%B7%B5%E5%89%91">越王勾践剑</a>等一些剑,其表面经过一定的化学处理,形成防锈的菱形、鳞片形或火焰形的花纹,异常华丽。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:212px; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
			href="/pic/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C/33219/0/bbe0d3115d75c529b8127b1c?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="青铜人面方鼎" style="width:212px;height:220px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAMAAAAoyzS7AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRF9fX1AAAA0VQI3QAAAAxJREFUeNpiYAAIMAAAAgABT21Z4QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://gss3.bdstatic.com/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=5412d6de36d12f2eca05a9627fc3d5ff/b03533fa828ba61e872d7f264134970a314e59f3.jpg"  alt="青铜人面方鼎" style="width:212px;height:220px;"/>
</a>
<span class="description">
青铜人面方鼎
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</div>中国青铜器还有一特点,就是迄今为止没有发现过任何肖像。不少的青铜器用人的面形作为装饰品,如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%BA%E9%9D%A2%E6%96%B9%E9%BC%8E">人面方鼎</a>、人面钺等,但这些人面都不是什么特定人物的面容。更多的器物是人的整体形象,如人形的灯或器座;或者以人的整体作为器物的一部分,如钟架有佩剑人形举手托住横梁,铜盘下有几个人形器足之类,这些人形大部分是男女待从的装束,而且也不是特定婢奴的肖像。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E5%B9%BF%E6%B1%89%E4%B8%89%E6%98%9F%E5%A0%86">四川广汉三星堆</a>出土的立体像、人头像,大小均超过正常人,均长耳突目,高鼻阔口,富于神秘色彩,应是神话人物。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">商周青铜器中数以万计的铜器留有铭文,这些文字一般叫<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%87%91%E6%96%87">金文</a>。对于历史学者而言起着证史、补史的作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">中国青铜器的铭文,文字以铸成者为多。凹入的字样,称为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%B4%E6%96%87">阴文</a>,少数文字凸起,称<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%B3%E6%96%87">阳文</a>。商代和西周,可以说铭文都是铸成的,只有极个别用锋利的工具刻字的例子。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">西周晚期,开始出现完全是刻成的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%93%AD%E6%96%87">铭文</a>。战国中期,大多数铭文已经是刻制的,连河北省<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B3%E5%B1%B1">平山</a>中山王汉墓的三件极为典重的礼器,都是契刻而成,其刀法异常圆熟,有很高的艺术价值。<div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:191px; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
			href="/pic/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C/33219/0/8cf0d5134e098d1add5401b3?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="青铜器铭文拓片" style="width:191px;height:220px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAMAAAAoyzS7AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRF9fX1AAAA0VQI3QAAAAxJREFUeNpiYAAIMAAAAgABT21Z4QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://gss3.bdstatic.com/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=318e5100b6003af349badb62052bc619/e4dde71190ef76c6a0b24a229d16fdfaaf516752.jpg"  alt="青铜器铭文拓片" style="width:191px;height:220px;"/>
</a>
<span class="description">
青铜器铭文拓片
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<div class="para" label-module="para">古人认为青铜器极其牢固,铭文可以传流不朽,因此要长期流传的事项必须铸在青铜物之上。因此,铭文已成为今天研究古代历史的重要材料。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">春秋战国时期铸造青铜器的技术进一步发展,由于经验的积累,铸造各种青铜器时铜与锡的配合已有一个比例。《周礼·考工记》说:金有六齐:六分其金,而锡居其一,谓之钟、鼎之齐;五分其金,而锡居一,谓斧斤之齐;四分其金,而锡居一,谓之戈戟之齐;三分其金,而锡居一,谓之大刃之齐;五分其金,而居二,谓之削杀矢之齐;金锡半,谓之鉴燧之齐。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">这里的所谓金就是铜,铜锡合金即青铜。所谓“金之六齐”,就是区分青铜品种的六种配方之分量,以制造各种用器。所谓“钟、鼎之齐”铜、锡比例为六比一,即铜占85.71%,锡占14.29%。“斧斤之齐”的铜、锡比例为五比一,即铜占83.33%,锡占16.67%。“戈戟之齐”的铜、锡比例为四比一,即铜占80%,锡占20%。“大刃之齐”所需铜、锡比例为三比一,即铜占75%,锡占25%。“削杀矢之齐”铜、锡比例为五比二,即铜占71.43%,锡占28.57%。“鉴燧之齐”铜、锡比例为一比一,即各占50%。杨宽先生认为:《考工记》规定各类青铜器的“铜锡合金的比例是很合乎合金的原理的”①。青铜中锡的成分占17%到20%最为坚韧。《考工记》说“斧斤之齐”锡占16.67%,“戈戟之齐”锡占20%,是因为斧、斤、戈、戟都需坚韧。青铜中锡的成分占30-40%,硬度最高。《考工记》中规定“大刃之齐”锡占25%,“削杀矢之齐”锡占28.75%,是因这类武器所需硬度高。青铜中锡占的分量增多,光泽就会从青铜色转为赤黄色、橙黄色、淡黄色。锡占到30-40%,青铜就会变为灰白色。《考工记》规定“钟鼎之齐”锡占14.29%,为了使它能呈现橙黄色较美观,同时也为了能敲出美妙的声音。《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%80%83%E5%B7%A5%E8%AE%B0/1638816" data-lemmaid="1638816">考工记</a>》规定“鉴燧之齐”锡占50%,是因为铜镜需要白色光泽。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">考古发现的春秋时期湖北随县出土的曾侯墓编钟,有纽钟19件,甬钟45件,楚王赠送的镈一件①。经测音知道,“这套编钟系七声音阶,与现代音律相同,它的振动频率也与现代国际标准相近,总音域跨五个八度,比现代钢琴的音域两端各少一个八度。这套编钟的音色优美,音域很宽,变化音比较完备,能奏各种曲调”②。这组编钟的发现,是春秋时期青铜铸造技术成就辉煌的一个生动例证。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">《周礼·考工记》说:“凡铸金之状,金与锡黑浊之气竭,黄白次之;黄白之气竭,青白次之;青白之气竭,青次之,然后可铸也。”这是符合冶金学道理的。在青铜混合熔铸中,首先是不纯物质挥发,所以产生&quot;黑浊之气&quot;。其次,锡熔化挥发,于是产生“黄白之气”。温度再上升,铜熔化挥发,又产生“青气”。到“青气”出现,铜、锡完全熔化,青铜合金冶炼完成,而后就可以铸成器物了。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8D%80%E5%AD%90">荀子</a>说:青铜器的铸作在于“刑(型)范正,金(铜)锡美,工冶巧,火齐得”。③这说明铸范的制作、原料选择、冶铸技巧、火候的掌握等环节都要掌握好,才能铸造出好的器物。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">春秋战国时期<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E5%B7%A5%E8%89%BA">青铜工艺</a>技术的进步,突出表现在以下两项技术的使用上:一项是金银错技术,所谓金银错技术就是在铜器表面上镶嵌金银丝,制成图案或文字。这项技术,春秋中期已出现,当时楚、宋等国的兵器上有错金的美术字。战国初,铜礼器上出现了大片金银错图案,战国中期这种技术不仅用在兵器、礼器上,而且也用在符节、玺印、车器、铜镜、带钩和漆器的铜扣上。二是战国中期以后刻镂画像工艺发展了起来,这种工艺是在比较薄的壶、柸、鉴、奁上制上细如发丝的刻镂画像图画,一般多是水陆攻战、狩猎、宴乐礼仪等方面的图画。这些图画是在铸成器形后,用钢刀刻镂加工制成的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>转变期:</b>指战国末年至<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A7%A6%E6%B1%89">秦汉</a>末年这一时期。经过几百年的兼并战争及以富国、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BC%BA%E5%85%B5">强兵</a>为目的的政治、经济、文化改革,以郡县制取代<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E5%B0%81%E5%88%B6">分封制</a>,具有中央集权性质的封建社会最终建立,传统的礼仪制度已彻底瓦解,铁制品已广泛使用。社会各领域均发生了翻天覆地的变化。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">青铜器在社会生活中的地位逐渐下降,器物大多日用化,但是具体到某些青铜器,精美的作品还是不少的。如在陕西临潼<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87%E9%99%B5">秦始皇陵</a>掘获的两乘铜车马。第一乘驾四马,车上有棚,<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BE%A1%E8%80%85">御者</a>为坐状。这两乘车马均为青铜器铸件构成,大小与实际合乎比例,极其精巧。车马上还有不少金银饰件,通体施以彩绘。第二乘马,长3.17、高1.06米,可以说是迄今发掘到的形制巨大、结构又最复杂的青铜器。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">到了东汉末年,陶瓷器得到较大发展,在社会生活中的作用日益重要,从而把日用青铜器皿进一步从生活中排挤出去。至于兵器,工具等方面,这时铁器早已占了主导地位。隋唐时期的铜器主要是各类精美的铜镜,一般均有各种铭文。自此以后,青铜器除了铜镜外,可以说不再有什么发展了,因而本网对中国古代铜器发展的研究,至隋唐为止<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="2" data-ctrmap=":2,">
[2]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[2]_8050760">&nbsp;</a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">青铜</span>研究</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="4" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>动植物形象纹:</b>“蟠虺纹”因图形为盘绕成组的蛇形得名,流行于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F">春秋战国时期</a>。虺是上古典籍记载的剧毒</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛇,所谓似蛇而小。“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9F%A0%E8%99%BA%E7%BA%B9">蟠虺纹</a>”仅见于春秋时期。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">“象纹”与“象鼻纹”也是青铜器上的常见纹饰。象,通相。既是一种温顺的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9">大型动物</a>,又常作为太平吉祥的象征,还有就是“出将入相”的辉煌。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">“兽面带纹”过去亦称“狩带纹”,是青铜器上一种变形为带状装饰纹的<div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:177px; float: right;">
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			href="/pic/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C/33219/0/962bd40735fae6cd1941ea7202b30f2442a70f2f?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="四羊方尊:以羊为形象" style="width:177px;height:220px;">
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四羊方尊:以羊为形象
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</div>动物面部形象组合。这种纹饰带出现于西周晚期,流行于春秋战国。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2"><b>几何图形</b></a>:指菱形、三角形、圆形及其他相连成组的变形图案等。比较典型的有:“圈带纹”或称“串珠纹”,多为辅助纹饰,流行于商周时期;“三角云纹”常交错其他纹饰,流行于战国时期;“菱形斜格纹”多见杂以“涡纹”和“S”形图案,流行于战国;“环带纹”,旧称“公字纹”,表现为连续的“S”形波浪带图案,上下充填“窃曲纹”或环纹,流行于西周晚期;“窃曲纹”很早就见于《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%95%E6%B0%8F%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B">吕氏春秋</a>》的记载,“窃曲纹”的变化很多,如蜷曲若双环而其中之一有目形者,有两端内曲呈一如意头状者,不一而足。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">青铜</span>考古发现</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1973年陕西<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%B4%E6%BD%BC">临潼</a><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A7%9C%E5%AF%A8%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80">姜寨遗址</a>曾出土一件半圆型残铜片,经鉴定为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%BB%84%E9%93%9C">黄铜</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1975年甘肃东乡林家马家窑文化遗址(约公元前3000左右)出土一件青铜刀,<div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:220px; float: right;">
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</div>这是目前在中国发现的最早的青铜器,是中国进入<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3">青铜时代</a>的证明。相对西亚、南亚及北非于距今约6500年前先后进入青铜时代而言,<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3">中国青铜时代</a>的到来较晚,但却不能否认它是独立起源的,因为中国存在一个铜器与石器并用时代,年代距今约为5500~4500年。中国在此基础上发明青铜合金,与世界青铜器发展模式相同,因而可以排除中国青铜器是由境外传播而来之说。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2015年3月,河南省周口市在配合项城某基建工地进行文物勘探时,发现一处战国至东汉时期的墓葬群,发掘出土一批精美随葬品,其中的一把青铜剑,保存完好,十分罕见。</div>
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在基督诞生几百年前,中国的国家政府就已经开始发行青铜制成的圆形硬币了,青铜是一种铜、锡合金。每文铜钱中间有一个方孔,与等重的青铜等价。这个货币系统存在缺陷。青铜本身价值并不特别高,因此单枚铜钱的面值也就很低。为了创造价值更大的单位,人们把铜钱穿成串,每串百文或千文。</a>
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<a rel="nofollow" href="/redirect/ac62CxCaTgpFydp1AYkXj4JCjoFPpYMMZT7CJPY2YoX8mOj2c-HTZfdW9QlCSQL4dlJ4A0hCLE_X0Q7XaSlkxq8GMUxolY0F9rW7PwJ7iwBA" target="_blank" class="text">吕志毅.感受神奇的古滇国青铜历史[J].云南档案,2009,(6):26-30.<span class="linkout">&nbsp;</span></a>
<span class="site">.万方数据库</span><span>&#91;引用日期2017-09-15&#93;</span></li></ul>
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</form>
<form id="searchLemmaForm" action="/search" method="GET" target="_self">
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<script type="text/javascript">!function(){  var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
    userbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/userbar-n/userbar-n');
    
  userbar.buildUserbar($('#j-wgt-userbar'), null);
}();
!function(){  require('wiki-common:widget/component/headTabBar/headTabBar');
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var timer = '';

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}).on('click', 'a', function() {
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});
}();
!function(){        require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/polysemantList/polysemantList')('青铜');
    }();
!function(){        var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
        var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

        // 展现策略
        rightCheck.editView('33219', function(res) {
            if (!res.errno) {
                if (res.data.divide) {
                    $('.top-tool .split-icon').css('display', 'block');
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!function(){    var nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
	require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/collect/collect"],function(collect){
		collect({
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			lemmaId:"48367",
			subLemmaId:"8050760"
		});
	});
}();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/topShare/topShare"],function(topShare){
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        });
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}();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/pinyin/lemmaPinyin')({
        lemmaTitle: '青铜',
        pinyin: "qing1 tong2"
    });

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   nslog(10000105);

}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
    var nsLog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
    var Dialog = require("wiki-common:widget/ui/dialog/dialog");
    
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                $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').show();
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                if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
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            }
        }
    });

    var canDiscussion = $('.j-discussion-link').length > 0 ? true : false;
    if (canDiscussion) {
        // 锁定跳转
        $('body').on('click', '.lock-lemma', function () {
            var me = $(this);
            var content = '<div style="text-align: left;width: 528px">'
                + '<h2 style="font-size: 20px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 20px;">' 
                + '词条锁定,暂时无法编辑</h2>' 
                + '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;">'
                + '亲爱的用户,词条存在争议或词条内容较完善都可能被锁定('
                + '<a href="/view/10812319.htm" target="_blank">查看详情</a>)。</p>'
                + '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;">'
                + '如果你认为锁定词条内容存在问题需要修改,可进行以下操作:</p></div>';
            new Dialog({
                title: '编辑提示',
                content: content,
                btns: [
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                        key: 'discussion'
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}();
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}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
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}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
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}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
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}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
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}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
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    // 展现策略
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        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
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    // 展现策略
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        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('33219', function(res) {
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            if (res.data.edit) {
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            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('33219', function(res) {
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                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){	require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery","wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/albumList/albumList","wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog"],function($,AlbumList,nslog){
		var list=new AlbumList({
			newLemmaId:"33219",
			lemmaTitle:"青铜",
			lemmaId:"48367",
			subLemmaId:"8050760",
			data:{"388540":{"coverpic":"314e251f95cad1c878a213617f3e6709c93d515f","desc":"\u9752\u94dc\u6811","albumTag":"null","height":800,"width":520,"total":2,"coverurl":"https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/s%3D235\/sign=78cb146d9d16fdfadc6cc1ed818e8cea\/314e251f95cad1c878a213617f3e6709c93d515f.jpg"},"0":{"coverpic":"aa64034f78f0f736a047a7bb0055b319eac413ca","width":"900","height":"1351","desc":"\u8bcd\u6761\u56fe\u7247","total":8,"coverurl":"https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/s%3D235\/sign=cc4a1d77f6039245a5b5e60cb295a4a8\/aa64034f78f0f736a047a7bb0055b319eac413ca.jpg"}}
		});
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			dom:$('.album-list'),
			loadFunc:function(){
				list.load();
				nslog(1258);
			},
			distance:500
		});
	});
}();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/tashuo/tashuo"],function(init){
        init();
    });
}();
!function(){		require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaReference/lemmaReference","wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaReference/lemmaReferenceTip/lemmaReferenceTip"],function(Reference,ReferenceTip){
			new Reference({
				subLemmaId:"8050760"
			});
			new ReferenceTip({
				subLemmaId:"33219",
				lemmaTitle:"青铜",
				reference:[{"type":"1","title":"\u8d8a\u738b\u52fe\u8df5\u5251\u518d\u6b21\u4eae\u76f8\u6e56\u5317\u7701\u535a\u7269\u9986 \u5251\u8eab\u5bd2\u5149\u95ea\u95ea","url":"\/redirect\/5311_sy6E2HM3ovxLmGtL3tF-yZcDnR0cs73pq28dJ54Uq8E90pqpJ0stxPfJpO_8DHV5e4iGq8PnpnYfrm0MdgL7fRRbCtLZVGQxKqpanh7","site":"\u7f51\u6613","publishDate":"","refDate":"2017-12-21","index":1},{"type":"1","title":"\u5415\u5fd7\u6bc5.\u611f\u53d7\u795e\u5947\u7684\u53e4\u6ec7\u56fd\u9752\u94dc\u5386\u53f2[J].\u4e91\u5357\u6863\u6848,2009,(6):26-30.","url":"\/redirect\/ac62CxCaTgpFydp1AYkXj4JCjoFPpYMMZT7CJPY2YoX8mOj2c-HTZfdW9QlCSQL4dlJ4A0hCLE_X0Q7XaSlkxq8GMUxolY0F9rW7PwJ7iwBA","site":"\u4e07\u65b9\u6570\u636e\u5e93","publishDate":"","refDate":"2017-09-15","index":2}]
			});
		});
	}();
!function(){require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaSciencePaper/lemmaSciencePaper'],function(init) {
    init({
        lemmaId: "33219"
    });
});
}();
!function(){        require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery"],function($){
            function openTagToggle(node) {
                if ($(node).hasClass("collapse")) {
                    $(node).removeClass("collapse");
                    $("#open-tag").css("height", '22px');
                } else {
                    $(node).addClass("collapse");
                    $("#open-tag").css("height", $("#open-tag-item").css("height"));
                }
            }
            if (parseInt($("#open-tag-item").css("height")) <= 30) {
                $('#open-tag-collapse').hide();
            }
            $("#open-tag-collapse").on("click", function () {
                openTagToggle($("#open-tag")[0]);
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){    var $ = require("wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery");
    
    var slider = {
        init: function() {
            this.control = $("#professional_control");
            this.prev = this.control.find(".J-prev");
            this.next = this.control.find(".J-next");
            this.el = $("#professional_list");
            this.view = this.el.find(".J-slider");
            this.items = this.view.find("ul");
            this.itemWidth = this.items.eq(0).innerWidth();
            this.initStatus();
            this.bindEvents();
        },
        initStatus: function() {
            this.view.css({
                width: this.items.length*this.itemWidth+"px",
                position: "absolute"
            });
            this.setHeight(0);
            if ( this.items.length < 2 ) return;
            this.changeControllers(0);
        },
        bindEvents: function() {
            var self = this, index = 0;
            if ( this.items.length < 2 ) return;
            this.next.on("click", function() {
                if ( self.items.length-1 === index ) return;
                index++;
                self.setHeight(index);
                self.goAni(index);
                self.changeControllers(index);
            });
            this.prev.on("click", function() {
                if ( index == 0 ) return;
                index--;
                self.setHeight(index);
                self.goAni(index);
                self.changeControllers(index);
            });
        },
        setHeight: function(index) {
            this.el.height( this.items.eq(index).innerHeight() );
        },
        goAni: function(index) {
            this.view.animate({
                left: index === 0 ? 0 : "-"+this.itemWidth*index+"px"
            });
        },
        changeControllers: function(index) {
            var disabledClass = "pro-control-disable";
            this.prev.removeClass(disabledClass);
            this.next.removeClass(disabledClass);
            if ( index === 0 ) {
                this.prev.addClass(disabledClass);
            } else if ( index === this.items.length-1 ) {
                this.next.addClass(disabledClass);
            }
        }
    };
    slider.init();
}();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightTashuo/rightTashuo"],function(init){
        init({
            lemmaId: 33219,
            lemmaTitle: '青铜'
        });
    });
}();
!function(){        require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/configModule/zhixin/zhixin')(
            33219,
            '青铜'
        );
    }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaStatistics/lemmaStatistics"],function(init){
        init({
            newLemmaIdEnc:"ab3b24ecd38306e96b4d91a6"
        });
    });
}();
!function(){	require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/sideCatalog/sideCatalog"],function(SideCatalog){
		new SideCatalog();
	});
}();
!function(){        require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/fengchao/fengchao","wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/unionAd/unionAd"], function (init, unionAd) {
            init({
                newLemmaId: "33219",
                lemmaTitle: "青铜",
                encodeLemmaTitle: "%C7%E0%CD%AD",
                adManager: null
            }, {
                errFn: unionAd,
                dom: $('#side_box_unionAd')
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/guessLike/guessLike'], function (app) {
            app.init({
                lemmaTitle: '青铜',
                adManager: null
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var Dialog = require("wiki-common:widget/ui/dialog/dialog");
    var userLogin = require('wiki-common:widget/component/userLogin/userLogin');
    var unameFiller = require('wiki-common:widget/component/unameFiller/unameFiller');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
    var nsLog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');

            var isEnterprise = false;
        var enterpriseOwnerUserId = 0;
    
    var userId = 0;
    var editUrl = '/edit/' + encodeURIComponent('青铜') + '/' + '33219';
    var pgcUrl = '/enterprise/editpgc?lemmaId=33219';
    var canDiscussion = $('.j-discussion-link').length > 0 ? true : false;

    userLogin.regist({
        onLogin: function(user) {
            userId = user ? user.uid : 0;
        }
    });

    function gotoEdit(url, isMidNight) {
        if (isMidNight) {
            Dialog.alert({
                title: '编辑提示',
                subMsg: '晚23:00至次日8:00,因审核系统例行维护,您提交的版本可能需要较长时间才能通过,望您谅解。',
                onConfirm: function() {
                    window.location.href = url;
                }
            });
        } else {
            window.location.href = url;
        }    
    }

    function showChoseEditDialog(pgcCallback, ugcCallback) {
        new Dialog({
            title: '编辑提示',
            subMsg: '<p>您已开通企业百科服务,推荐您直接编辑“官方资料”,官方资料仅限企业百科绑定的百科账号修改,其他用户账号不可修改。</p><p>如果您想修改其他网友编辑的普通词条内容,请注意遵守百科百科编辑规则。<p>',
            btns: [{
            key: 'pgc',
            text: '编辑官方资料'
            }, {
            style: 'white',
            text: '修改普通词条',
            key: 'ugc'
            }],
            onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
                if (btnKey === 'pgc') {
                    pgcCallback && pgcCallback();
                } else if (btnKey === 'ugc') {
                    ugcCallback && ugcCallback();
                }
            }
        }).show();
    }

    function checkUserLegal(res) {
        var legal = false;
        switch (res.errno) {
            case 100001:
                nsLog('10003106');
                userLogin.showLoginPop();
                break;
            case 100006:
                unameFiller.show();
                break;
            default:
                legal = true;
        }
        return true;
    }

    function checkUgc(res, url) {
        if (res.errno) {
            switch (res.errno) {
                case 100005:
                    alert('对不起,您目前被封禁');
                    break;
                case 110001:
                    alert('对不起,该词条被锁定');
                    break;
                case 110007:
                    alert('对不起,消歧页无法编辑');
                    break;
                case 110005:
                    nsLog('10003101');
                    var content = '<div style="text-align: left;width: 490px">'
                        + '<h2 style="font-size: 20px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 20px;">' 
                        + '对不起,你暂时没有权限编辑该词条</h2>' 
                        + '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 17px;">'
                        + '亲爱的用户,该词条内容已较完善,需百科等级达到4级且通过率达85%才可编辑哦。</p>'
                        + '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333">你当前百科等级为'
                        + res.data.userInfo.level + '级、通过率'
                        + res.data.userInfo.passRatio + '%,可进行以下操作:</p></div>';
                    var btns = [
                        {
                            key: 'join',
                            text: '<span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;display: table-cell;">反馈词条问题,参与百科共建</span>'
                        },
                        {
                            text: '<span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;display: table-cell;">参加成长任务,提升编辑权限</span>',
                            key: 'task'
                        }
                    ];
                    if (canDiscussion) {
                        btns = [
                            {
                                key: 'discussion',
                                text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">参与词条讨论,反馈词条问题</span>'
                            },
                            {
                                text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">参加成长任务,提升编辑权限</span>',
                                key: 'task'
                            }
                        ];
                    }
                    new Dialog({
                        title: '编辑提示',
                        content: content,
                        btns: btns,
                        onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
                            if (btnKey === 'discussion') {
                                window.location.href = '/planet/talk?lemmaId=33219&category=1';
                            } else if (btnKey === 'task') {
                                window.location.href = '/usercenter#guide';
                            } else if (btnKey === 'join') {
                                window.location.href = '/feedback';
                            }
                        }
                    }).show();
                    break;
                case 110008:
                    nsLog('10003102');
                    var content = '<div style="text-align: left;width: 490px">'
                        + '<h2 style="font-size: 20px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 20px;margin-top: 10px;">' 
                        + '对不起,你暂时没有权限编辑该词条</h2>' 
                        + '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 17px;">'
                        + '亲爱的用户,该词条内容已较完善,需百科等级达到6级且通过率达85%才可编辑哦。</p>'
                        + '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333">你当前百科等级为'
                        + res.data.userInfo.level + '级、通过率'
                        + res.data.userInfo.passRatio + '%,可进行以下操作:</p></div>';
                    var btns = [
                        {
                            key: 'join',
                            text: '<span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;display: table-cell;">反馈词条问题,参与百科共建</span>'
                        },
                        {
                            text: '<span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;display: table-cell;">参加成长任务,提升编辑权限</span>',
                            key: 'task'
                        }
                    ];
                    if (canDiscussion) {
                        btns = [
                            {
                                key: 'discussion',
                                text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">参与词条讨论,反馈词条问题</span>'
                            },
                            {
                                text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">参加成长任务,提升编辑权限</span>',
                                key: 'task'
                            }
                        ];
                    }
                    new Dialog({
                        title: '编辑提示',
                        content: content,
                        btns: btns,
                        onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
                            if (btnKey === 'discussion') {
                                window.location.href = '/planet/talk?lemmaId=33219&category=1';
                            } else if (btnKey === 'task') {
                                window.location.href = '/usercenter#guide';
                            } else if (btnKey === 'join') {
                                window.location.href = '/feedback';
                            }
                        }
                    }).show();
                    break;
                case 470001:
                    alert('系统错误,请刷新重试');
                    break;
                case 110003:
                    nsLog('10003103');
                    Dialog.alert({
                        title: '编辑提示',
                        subMsg: '很抱歉,该词条有其他用户编辑的版本正在提交,您暂时无法编辑。<br/>百科建议您晚些时候再编辑该词条,或者尝试编辑其他的词条。'
                    });
                    break;
            }
        } else {
            if (!res.data.right.noAudit) {
                Dialog.alert({
                    title: '编辑提示',
                    subMsg: '很抱歉,该词条有其他用户编辑的版本正在提交,您暂时无法编辑。<br/>百科建议您晚些时候再编辑该词条,或者尝试编辑其他的词条。'
                });
                return;
            }
            gotoEdit(url, res.data.notice.isMidNight);
        }
    }

    $(document.body).on('click', '.j-edit-link', function() {
        nsLog('10003100');
        var dl = $(this).attr('data-edit-dl');
        if (dl) {
            var url = editUrl + '?dl=' + dl;
        } else {
            var url = editUrl;
        }

        rightCheck.preeditCheck('33219', '青铜', '铜锡合金', '133074333', '', function(res) {
            if (!checkUserLegal(res)) {
                return;
            }
            if (isEnterprise && enterpriseOwnerUserId === userId) {
                showChoseEditDialog(function() {
                    location.href = pgcUrl;
                }, function() {
                    checkUgc(res, url);
                });
            } else {
                checkUgc(res, url);
            }
        });
    });
}();
!function(){  require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery","wiki-common:widget/component/footer/footer_feedback"], function($, feedback){
    feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-main',
      proData: {
        "extend_feedback_channel": 33430
      }
    });
    feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-query', config: {
        appid: 215645,
        productLine: 20184,
        needContactWay: false,
        issuePlaceholder: '亲爱的百度百科用户,请在此填写您的质疑内容及原因哦~'
      },
      proData: {
        "kw": $('#J-bk-feedback-query').data('lemma')
      }
    });
  });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
      initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar-n/searchbar');  
    initSearchbar($('.wgt-searchbar-simple'));
  }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/toolButtons"],function(init){
        init({
            lemmaId:"48367",
            subLemmaId:"8050760",
            newLemmaId:"33219"
        });
    });
}();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/userInfo')();
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
      animation = require('wiki-common:widget/util/animation'),
      nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog'),
      initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar/searchbar');

    var isFadeIn = false,
        isFadeOut = false;

    var fadeInAni, fadeOutAni;

    $(window).on('scroll', function(e) {
        var scrollTop = $(this).scrollTop();

        if (scrollTop > 200 && !isFadeIn && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'none') {
            fadeOutAni && fadeOutAni.stop();
            fadeInAni = animation({
                duration: 200,
                easing: 'linear',
                onStart: function() {
                    isFadeOut = false;
                    isFadeIn = true;
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'block');
                },
                onStep: function(progress) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', progress)
                },
                onComplete: function(progress) {
                    isFadeIn = false;
                    nslog(10010007);
                }
            });
        } else if (scrollTop <= 200 && !isFadeOut && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'block') {
            fadeInAni && fadeInAni.stop();
            fadeOutAni = animation({
                duration: 300,
                easing: 'linear',
                onStart: function() {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader #suggestion').hide();
                    isFadeIn = false;
                    isFadeOut = true;
                },
                onStep: function(progress) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', 1 - progress);
                },
                onComplete: function(progress) {
                    isFadeOut = false;
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'none');
                }
            });
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/qzopensl');
    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/taskSideShare"],function(taskShare){
        taskShare.init({
            title: '青铜',
            desc: "\u9752\u94dc\u662f\u91d1\u5c5e\u51b6\u94f8\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u5408\u91d1\uff0c\u5728\u7eaf\u94dc\uff08\u7d2b\u94dc\uff09\u4e2d\u52a0\u5165\u9521\u6216\u94c5\u7684\u5408\u91d1\uff0c\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0e\u7eaf\u94dc\uff08\u7d2b\u94dc\uff09\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u9752\u94dc\u5f3a\u5ea6\u9ad8\u4e14\u7194\u70b9\u4f4e\uff0825%\u7684\u9521\u51b6\u70bc\u9752\u94dc\uff0c\u7194\u70b9\u5c31\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u5230800\u2103\u3002\u7eaf\u94dc\uff08\u7d2b\u94dc\uff09\u7684\u7194\u70b9\u4e3a1083\u2103\uff09\u3002\u9752\u94dc\u94f8\u9020\u6027\u597d\uff0c\u8010\u78e8\u4e14\u5316\u5b66\u6027\u8d28\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u9752\u94dc\u53d1\u660e\u540e\uff0c\u7acb\u523b\u76db\u884c\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u4e5f\u5c31\u8fdb\u5165\u65b0\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\uff0d\u9752\u94dc\u65f6\u4ee3\u30022015\u5e743\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u6cb3\u5357\u7701\u5468\u53e3\u5e02\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u5904\u6218\u56fd\u81f3\u4e1c\u6c49\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5893\u846c\u7fa4\uff0c\u53d1\u6398\u51fa\u571f\u4e00\u6279\u7cbe\u7f8e\u968f\u846c\u54c1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u628a\u9752\u94dc\u5251\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b58\u5b8c\u597d\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u7f55\u89c1\u30021965\u5e74\u5728\u6e56\u5317\u7701\u6c5f\u9675\u53bf\u671b\u5c711\u53f7\u5893\u51fa\u571f\u4e00\u628a\u8d8a\u738b\u52fe\u8df5\u5251\uff0c\u8fd9\u628a\u5b9d\u5251\u7a7f\u8d8a\u4e86\u4e24\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u957f\u6cb3\uff0c\u5251\u8eab\u4e0d\u89c1\u4e1d\u6beb\u9508\u6591\uff0c\u4f9d\u65e7\u5bd2\u5149\u95ea\u95ea\u3001\u950b\u5229\u65e0\u6bd4\uff0c\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u201c\u5929\u4e0b\u7b2c\u4e00\u5251\u201d\u3002",
            pic: 'https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/w%3D268\/sign=ab46a394d81b0ef46ce89f58e5c551a1\/aa64034f78f0f736a047a7bb0055b319eac413ca.jpg',
            url: '',
            qqPic: 'https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D900%2C900%2C0\/sign=7d8ad279ddca7bcb7d2e946fd8345253\/aa64034f78f0f736a047a7bb0055b319eac413ca.jpg',
            newLemmaId: '33219',
            lemmaTitle: '青铜'
        });
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var nslog = require("wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog");
    var testElem = require('wiki-common:widget/component/testElem/testElem');
    var cmsModuleLoader = require('wiki-common:widget/component/cmsModuleLoader/cmsModuleLoader');

    function requireAsync() {
        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement']);
    }

    cmsModuleLoader('/api/wikiui/getlemmaconfig', [{
        name: 'announcement',
        script: 'wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement.js'
    }]);

    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/lazyLoad/lazyLoad"], function(LazyLoad) {
        new LazyLoad();
    });

    require.async(['wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog','wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'], function(nslog, $) {
        nslog().setGlobal({
            lemmaId: "48367",
            newLemmaId: "33219",
            subLemmaId: "8050760",
            lemmaTitle: "青铜"
        });

        // 词条页 pv
        nslog(9322);

        // 新版头部pv(小流量)
        if ($('.pc-header-new').length > 0) {
            nslog(9069);
        }

        // 链接点击 pv
        var lemmaPageRegExp = new RegExp(/\/subview\/\d+|\/view\/\d+|\/item\//i);
        $('body').on('mousedown', 'a', function() {
            var href = $(this).attr('href');
            if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0) {
                // 链接点击 pv
                nslog(10000001);
                if (lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                    // 词条页链接点击 pv
                    nslog(10000002, window.location.href, {
                        targetTitle: $(this).text()
                    });
                }
            }
        });

        /****** 词条页站内流转需求统计 start ******/
        (function () {
            // 各种统计配置
            var circulationLinkCfg = {
                innerLink: [ // 内链
                    '.para',
                    '.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeMovie',
                    '.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeStar',
                    '.basic-info .basicInfo-block',
                    '.lemma-summary',
                    '.lemmaWgt-lemmaSummary',
                    '.view-tip-panel',
                    '.horizontal-module',
                    '.lemmaWgt-roleIntroduction',
                    '.dramaSeries .dramaSerialList',
                    '.module-music',
                    '.table-view',
                    '[log-set-param="table_view"]',
                    '.list-module',
                    '.cell-module',
                    '.baseBox .dl-baseinfo', // 配置后台字段
                    '.pvBtn-box .leadPVBtnWrapper',
                    '.drama-actor',
                    '#staffList',
                    '.starMovieAndTvplay',
                    '.main_tab:not(.main_tab-defaultTab)' // 除去词条tab外的tab
                ],
                relationTable: '.rs-container-foot', // 关系表
                peopleRelation: '.star-info-block.relations, .lemmaWgt-focusAndRelation', // 人物关系(明星+普通)
                moduleActors: '.featureBaseInfo .actors, .lemmaWgt-majorActors', // 主要演员、嘉宾、主持人
                moduleWorks: '.featureBaseInfo .works, .large-feature .works', // 代表作品
                moduleQuarterly: '.featureBaseInfo .po_quarterly, .mian_quarterly', // 分季介绍
                rankStar: '.rank-list.stars-rank', // 明星榜
                rankDrama: '.drama-rank-list', // 电视剧榜
                specialTopic: '.special-topic', // 专题模块
                modDetailTable: '#modDetailTable', // 关系表出图
                chuizhitu: '.chuizhitu', // 垂直化模块
                polysemantList: '.polysemantList-wrapper' // 义项切换
            };
            /****** 连接统计 ******/
            function clickNslogFn() {
                for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
                    if (k === 'innerLink') {
                        // 词条内链到词条页
                        var tempArr = circulationLinkCfg[k];
                        for (var i = 0, l = tempArr.length; i < l; i++) {
                            tempArr[i] += ' a';
                        }
                        var sSelector = tempArr.join(', ');

                        $('body').on('mousedown', sSelector, {key: k},function(e) {
                            var key = e.data.key;
                            var href = $(this).attr('href');
                            var tar = $(this).attr('target') || '';
                            if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0
                            && tar === '_blank' && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                                // 词条页普通内链点击 pv
                                nslog(10000004, null ,{division: key});
                            }
                        });
                    } else {
                        // 模块到词条页链接
                        $(circulationLinkCfg[k]).on('mousedown', 'a', {key: k}, function (e) {
                            var key = e.data.key;
                            var href = $(this).attr('href');
                            if (href && href.indexOf('#') !== 0 && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                                // 词条页配置模块链接点击 pv
                                nslog(10000004, null, {division: key});
                            }
                        });
                    }
                }
            }
            // 发起统计请求
            clickNslogFn();

            /****** 各模块展现量pv ******/
            function checkModuleIsShow() {
                var result = [];
                for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
                    if (k !== 'innerLink' && k !== 'relationTable') {
                        !!$(circulationLinkCfg[k]).html() && result.push(k);
                    }
                }
                if (result.length > 0) {
                    nslog(10000005, null, {showModules: result.join(',')});
                }
            }
            checkModuleIsShow();

        })();
        /****** 词条页站内流转需求统计 end ******/

    });

    // 广告接入 wikiad 统一加载
    // log 词条页广告被拦截情况(此处 log 请求行为)
    nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
        api: 'lemma-ad',
        action: 'request'
    });
    var tags = {"1":{"tagId":76600,"tagName":"\u79d1\u5b66\u767e\u79d1\u5de5\u7a0b\u6280\u672f\u5206\u7c7b"},"2":{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u6587\u7269\u8003\u53e4"},"0":{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u5386\u53f2"}};
    var tagsArray = [];
    for (var key in tags) {
        tagsArray.push(tags[key].tagName);
    }
    $.ajax({
        type: 'GET',
        url: '/api/wikiad/getsquirrels',
        data: {
            lemmaId: 33219,
            tags: tagsArray.join()
        },
        cache: false,
        dataType: 'JSON',
        success: function (res) {
            // log 词条页广告被拦截情况(此处 log 请求成功)
            nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
                api: 'lemma-ad',
                action: 'success'
            });

            if (!res.errno) {
                if (res.data[5]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightPreciseAd/rightPreciseAd'], function(rightPreciseAd) {
                        rightPreciseAd(res.data[5]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[5][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[5][0].name,
                            adPos: 5
                        });
                    });
                } else if (res.data[1]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/vbaike/vbaike'], function(vbaike) {
                        vbaike(res.data[1]);
                        for(var i in res.data[1]) {
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[1][i].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[1][i].name,
                                adPos: 1
                            });
                        }
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[9]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightBigAd/rightBigAd'], function(rightBigAd) {
                        rightBigAd(res.data[9]);
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[9][0].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[9][0].name,
                                adPos: 9
                            });
                    });
                                    } else if(res.data[2]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/slide/slide'], function(slide) {
                        slide(res.data[2]);
                        for(var i in res.data[2]) {
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[2][i].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[2][i].name,
                                adPos: 2
                            });
                        }
                    });
                }
                if (res.data[3]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/topAd/topAd'], function(topAd) {
                        topAd(res.data[3]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[3][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[3][0].name,
                            adPos: 3
                        });
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[4]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightAd/rightAd'], function(rightAd) {
                        rightAd(res.data[4]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[4][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[4][0].name,
                            adPos: 4
                        });
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[15]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/banner/banner'], function(banner) {
                        banner(res.data[15]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[15][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[15][0].name,
                            adPos: 15
                        });
                    });
                }
                if (res.data[16]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/declaration/declaration'], function(declaration) {
                        declaration(res.data[16]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[16][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[16][0].name,
                            adPos: 16
                        });
                    })
                }
            } else {
                return;
            }

            setTimeout(function () {
                var elemArr = {};
                res.data[1] && res.data[1].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-vbaike-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-vbaike .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
                res.data[2] && res.data[2].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-slide-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-slide .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
                res.data[3] && res.data[3].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-navbar-ad'] = {
                    node: $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').get(0),
                    validations: {
                        'noBackgroundImage': function() {
                            return $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').css('background-image').indexOf(res.data[3][0].picUrl) < 0
                        }
                    }
                });
                res.data[4] && res.data[4].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-side-ad'] = {
                    node: $('.right-ad img').get(0),
                    validations: {
                        'noBackgroundImage': function() {
                            return $('.right-ad img').attr('src').indexOf(res.data[4][0].picUrl) < 0
                        }
                    }
                });
                res.data[15] && res.data[15].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-banner'] = $('.configModuleBanner').get(0));
                res.data[16] && res.data[16].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-declaration'] = $('.lemmaWgt-declaration').get(0));

                testElem.log(elemArr, 70000102);
            }, 1000);
        },
        error: function () {
            // log 词条页广告被拦截情况(此处 log 请求失败)
            nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
                api: 'lemma-ad',
                action: 'error'
            });
        }
    });

    // 设置分享内容
    window.BKShare.setCommon({
        bdText: "\u3010\u9752\u94dc_\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\u3011\u9752\u94dc\u662f\u91d1\u5c5e\u51b6\u94f8\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u5408\u91d1\uff0c\u5728\u7eaf\u94dc\uff08\u7d2b\u94dc\uff09\u4e2d\u52a0\u5165\u9521\u6216\u94c5\u7684\u5408\u91d1\uff0c\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0e\u7eaf\u94dc\uff08\u7d2b\u94dc\uff09\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u9752\u94dc\u5f3a\u5ea6\u9ad8\u4e14\u7194\u70b9\u4f4e\uff0825%\u7684\u9521\u51b6\u70bc\u9752\u94dc\uff0c\u7194\u70b9\u5c31\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u5230800\u2103\u3002\u7eaf\u94dc\uff08\u7d2b\u94dc\uff09\u7684\u7194\u70b9\u4e3a1083\u2103\uff09\u3002\u9752\u94dc\u94f8\u9020\u6027\u597d\uff0c\u8010\u78e8\u4e14\u5316\u5b66\u6027\u8d28\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u9752\u94dc\u53d1\u660e\u540e\uff0c\u7acb\u523b\u76db\u884c\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u4e5f\u5c31\u8fdb\u5165\u65b0\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\uff0d\u9752\u94dc\u65f6\u4ee3\u30022015\u5e743\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u6cb3\u5357\u7701\u5468\u53e3\u5e02\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u5904\u6218\u56fd\u81f3\u4e1c\u6c49\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5893\u846c\u7fa4\uff0c\u53d1\u6398\u51fa\u571f\u4e00\u6279\u7cbe\u7f8e\u968f\u846c\u54c1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u628a\u9752\u94dc\u5251\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b58\u5b8c\u597d\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u7f55\u89c1\u30021965\u5e74\u5728\u6e56\u5317\u7701\u6c5f\u9675\u53bf\u671b\u5c711\u53f7\u5893\u51fa\u571f\u4e00\u628a\u8d8a\u738b\u52fe\u8df5\u5251\uff0c\u8fd9\u628a\u5b9d\u5251\u7a7f\u8d8a\u4e86\u4e24\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u957f\u6cb3\uff0c\u5251\u8eab\u4e0d\u89c1\u4e1d\u6beb\u9508\u6591\uff0c\u4f9d\u65e7\u5bd2\u5149\u95ea\u95ea\u3001\u950b\u5229\u65e0\u6bd4\uff0c\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u201c\u5929\u4e0b\u7b2c\u4e00\u5251\u201d\u3002.....\uff08\u5206\u4eab\u81ea@\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\uff09",
        bdDesc: '',
        bdUrl: 'http:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C\/33219',
        bdPic: '',
        onBeforeClick: function (){
            $('.bdshare_dialog_box').hide();
        }
    });

    // 底部投诉带入当前页面 url
    var map = [1, 2, 6, 5];
    $('.wgt-footer-main .suggestion').find('a').each(function(i) {
        $(this).attr('href', 'http://help.baidu.com/newadd?word=%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C' + '&&submit_link=' + encodeURIComponent(window.location.href) + '&prod_id=10&category=' + map[i]);
    });

    // 为超出预设内容的表格添加table-responsive控制
    $('.main-content').find('table').each(function(index) {
        var $that = $(this);
        if ($that.width() > 790) {
            $that.wrap('<div class="table-responsive"></div>');
        }
    });
}();
!function(){      require('wiki-common:widget/component/psLink/psLink');
    }();
!function(){      require('wiki-common:widget/component/recruitment/recruitment');
    }();</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
  var Hunter = window.Hunter || {};
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