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<div><a href="/art" target="_blank">艺术</a></div>
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<div style="width:0;height:0;clear:both"></div><dl class="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-">
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<h1 >科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</h1>
<a href="javascript:;" class="edit-lemma cmn-btn-hover-blue cmn-btn-28 j-edit-link"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
<a class="lock-lemma" nslog-type="10003105" target="_blank" href="javascript:;" title="é”定"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_lock-lemma"></em>é”定</a>
<a href="/planet/talk?lemmaId=3348043" target="_blank" class="lemma-discussion cmn-btn-hover-blue cmn-btn-28 j-discussion-link" nslog-type="90000102"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_discussion-solid"></em>讨论<span class="num">999</span></a>
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</dl><div class="promotion-declaration">
</div><div class="lemma-summary" label-module="lemmaSummary">
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A/73320" data-lemmaid="73320">社会</a>ä¸Šä¹ æƒ¯äºŽæŠŠ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6/10406" data-lemmaid="10406">科å¦</a>å’Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF/13014499" data-lemmaid="13014499">技术</a>连在一起，统称为科å¦æŠ€æœ¯ç®€ç§°ç§‘技。实际二者既有密切è”系，åˆæœ‰é‡è¦åŒºåˆ«ã€‚科å¦è§£å†³<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA/13016357" data-lemmaid="13016357">ç†è®º</a>问题，技术解决实际问题。科å¦è¦è§£å†³çš„问题，是å‘现<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%95%8C/4760765" data-lemmaid="4760765">自然界</a>ä¸ç¡®å‡¿çš„事实与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1/2808631" data-lemmaid="2808631">现象</a>之间的关系，并建立ç†è®ºæŠŠ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%8B%E5%AE%9E/132727" data-lemmaid="132727">事实</a>与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1/2808631" data-lemmaid="2808631">现象</a>è”系起æ¥ï¼›æŠ€æœ¯çš„任务则是把科å¦çš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%88%90%E6%9E%9C/3820163" data-lemmaid="3820163">æˆæžœ</a>应用到实际问题ä¸åŽ»ã€‚科å¦ä¸»è¦æ˜¯å’Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%AA%E7%9F%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F">未知的领域</a>打交é“，其进展，尤其是é‡å¤§çš„çªç ´ï¼Œæ˜¯éš¾ä»¥é¢„料的；技术是在相对æˆç†Ÿçš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F/4662537" data-lemmaid="4662537">领域</a>内工作，å¯ä»¥åšæ¯”较准确的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92/2273615" data-lemmaid="2273615">规划</a>。</div>
</div>
<div class="configModuleBanner">
</div><div class="basic-info cmn-clearfix">
<dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-left">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">ä¸æ–‡å</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
科技
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">外文å</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
science and technology
</dd>
</dl><dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-right">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">内容包å«</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
科å¦<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E/18441" data-lemmaid="18441">精神</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3/33180" data-lemmaid="33180">æ€æƒ³</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95">方法</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86/74245" data-lemmaid="74245">知识</a>
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">è¦ æ±‚</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
安全ã€é«˜æ•ˆã€çŽ¯ä¿ã€ç§‘å¦ç‰
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">拼 音</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
[kē jì]
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="lemmaWgt-lemmaCatalog">
<div class="lemma-catalog">
<h2 class="block-title">目录</h2>
<div class="catalog-list column-4">
<ol>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">1</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1">æ€æƒ³</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1_1">本质</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1_2">实现功能的方å¼</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1_3">事物的è”ç³»</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1_4">è”系的制约</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1_5">相关的逻辑</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1_6">相关的哲å¦</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1_7">相关的å言</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">2</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2">方法</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2_1">å‘现的形å¼</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2_2">å‡è¯´çš„æ出</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2_3">å‡è¯´çš„è¯æ˜Ž</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2_4">å› æžœä¸Žå¶ç„¶</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2_5">概率与平ç‰</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2_6">组åˆã€æ‹“展ã€ç±»æ¯”</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2_7">ç»å…¸äº‹ä¾‹åˆ†æž</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">3</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3">科å¦çš„沉æ€</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3_1">天文å¦ä¸Žç‰©ç†å¦</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3_2">生命科å¦ä¸ŽåŒ»è¯</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3_3">电åã€æœºæ¢°ã€å»ºç‘</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">4</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4">å«ä¹‰</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level1">
<span class="index">5</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#5">主è¦ç§‘å¦å®¶</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">6</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6">分类</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6_1">生物技术</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6_2">空间技术</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6_3">哲å¦</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6_4">自然科å¦ç±»</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6_5">人文科å¦ç±»</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6_6">高新科技类</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6_7">多维空间技术</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">7</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7">作用</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7_1">ç»æµŽå‘展</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7_2">军事上战斗力</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7_3">政治上影å“力</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7_4">社会进æ¥</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">8</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8">大事记</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8_1">äººç±»åŸºå› ç ”ç©¶</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8_2">航空航天技术</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">â–ª</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8_3">ä¸å›½æ·±æµ·æŠ€æœ¯</a></span>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub185129_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="æ€æƒ³" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>æ€æƒ³</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="1" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub185129_1_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="本质" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="1-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>本质</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">科技的本质：<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0/75066" data-lemmaid="75066">å‘现</a>或å‘明事物之间的è”系，å„ç§<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8/12756928" data-lemmaid="12756928">物质</a>通过这ç§è”系组æˆç‰¹å®šçš„系统æ¥å®žçŽ°ç‰¹å®šçš„功能。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub185129_1_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="实现功能的方å¼" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="1-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>实现功能的方å¼</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">å°½é‡å®‰å…¨ï¼Œå°½é‡å®¹æ˜“实现，尽é‡ä½Žæ¶ˆè€—且高产出，尽é‡é«˜æ•ˆï¼Œå°½é‡ç¨³å®šï¼Œå°½é‡å¯ç›‘测，尽é‡å¯è°ƒæŽ§ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1_3" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub185129_1_3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="事物的è”ç³»" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="1-3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>事物的è”ç³»</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">事物的è”系分为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F">系统</a>è”系和事件è”系，系统è”系分为上下级别的è”系（归属关系）和åŒçº§åˆ«çš„è”系，事件è”ç³»åˆ†ä¸ºåŽŸå› ä¸Žç»“æžœã€å‰ææ¡ä»¶ä¸Ž<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A7%A6%E5%8F%91/186728" data-lemmaid="186728">触å‘</a>æ¡ä»¶ã€ç›®çš„。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">物质是事件的基础，事件是物质的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96/33159" data-lemmaid="33159">å˜åŒ–</a>。物质是系统的结构，事件是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F">系统</a>çš„å˜åŒ–。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>1.系统的上下级别和åŒçº§åˆ«ï¼š</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8">原åæ ¸</a>包å«<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90/65645" data-lemmaid="65645">è´¨å</a>å’Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90/466557" data-lemmaid="466557">ä¸å</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8">原åæ ¸</a>是上级别，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90/65645" data-lemmaid="65645">è´¨å</a>å’Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90/466557" data-lemmaid="466557">ä¸å</a>是</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a class="lemma-album layout-right nslog:10000206" title="系统的层次" href="/pic/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF/3348043/17139149/ca1349540923dd54bf182594d309b3de9d8248e7?fr=lemma&ct=cover" target="_blank" style="width:222px;" nslog-type="10000206">
<div class="album-wrap" style="width:220px;height:137px;">
<img class="picture" alt="系统的层次" src="https://gss1.bdstatic.com/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=39f4bb3833adcbef053479049cae2e0e/ca1349540923dd54bf182594d309b3de9d8248e7.jpg" style="width:220px;height:137px;"/>
</div>
<div class="description">
系统的层次<span class="number">(3å¼ )</span>
</div>
<div class="albumBg">
<div class="albumBgFir" style="width:214px;"></div>
<div class="albumBgSec" style="width:208px;"></div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">下级别，上级别包å«ä¸‹çº§åˆ«ï¼Œè€Œè´¨åå’Œä¸å之间是åŒçº§åˆ«ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F/506468" data-lemmaid="506468">消化系统</a>和胃之间是上下级事物的è”系，而<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%83/7202854" data-lemmaid="7202854">胃</a>å’Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%8F%E8%82%A0/891036" data-lemmaid="891036">å°è‚ </a>则是åŒçº§äº‹ç‰©ä¹‹é—´çš„è”系。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>2.åŒçº§åˆ«çš„è”系：</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）åŒçº§åˆ«çš„事物的è”ç³»æŒ‰ä½œç”¨åˆ†ä¸ºï¼šç´¯åŠ ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%92%E8%A1%A5">互补</a>ã€å¼€å¯æˆ–增强ã€å…³é—或å‡å¼±ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>ç´¯åŠ </b>：起相åŒä½œç”¨çš„ç‰©è´¨ï¼Œäº§ç”Ÿçš„ä½œç”¨ç´¯åŠ åœ¨ä¸€èµ·ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：相åŒçš„å°ç¯æ³¡ç»„æˆä¸€ä¸ªå¼ºå…‰çš„手电ç’。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>互补</b>：例如，起ä¸åŒä½œç”¨çš„物质，相互补充ã€ç›¸äº’ä¾å˜ï¼Œå…±åŒå®žçŽ°åŠŸèƒ½ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：一æ¡<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%B4%E7%BA%BF">æµæ°´çº¿</a>上，ä¸åŒåŠ å·¥æ¥éª¤æ‰€éœ€çš„工人。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">ç´¯åŠ å’Œäº’è¡¥çš„åŒºåˆ«ï¼šæœ‰äº›æƒ…å†µä¸‹ï¼Œç´¯åŠ æ˜¯åŒç§ç‰©è´¨çš„å…±åŒä½œç”¨ï¼Œåªæœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªä¹Ÿèƒ½äº§ç”Ÿä½œç”¨ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯æ•ˆæžœä½Žï¼Œè€Œäº’补是相互补充ã€ç›¸äº’ä¾å˜çš„ä¸åŒç‰©è´¨å…±åŒäº§ç”Ÿä½œç”¨ï¼Œåªæœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªå¯èƒ½æ— 法产生作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>调控：</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">å¼€å¯æˆ–增强：例如，一ç§ç‰©è´¨å¯åŠ¨æˆ–增强å¦ä¸€ç§ç‰©è´¨çš„功能。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">å…³é—或å‡å¼±ï¼šä¾‹å¦‚，一ç§ç‰©è´¨å…³é—或å‡å¼±å¦ä¸€ç§ç‰©è´¨çš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD">功能</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：风扇的三个å¶ç‰‡ä¹‹é—´çš„ä½œç”¨æ˜¯ç´¯åŠ ï¼Œå¶ç‰‡å’Œç”µæœºä¹‹é—´çš„作用是互补，风扇开关å¯ä»¥å¼€å¯é£Žæ‰‡ã€å…³é—风扇ã€å¢žå¼ºè½¬é€Ÿã€å‡å¼±è½¬é€Ÿã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）åŒçº§åˆ«çš„事物的è”系按结构分为：<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A1%BA%E5%BA%8F">顺åº</a>（线状）ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B6%E5%88%97/4020065" data-lemmaid="4020065">并列</a>（平行）ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF/71073" data-lemmaid="71073">循环</a>（环状）ã€æ ‘状ã€æ˜ŸçŠ¶ã€ç½‘状。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">顺åºï¼šä¾‹å¦‚，先ç»è¿‡A，åŽç»è¿‡B。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">并列：例如，åŒæ—¶ç»è¿‡Aå’ŒB。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">循环：例如，由A到B，åˆç”±B到A，ä¾æ¬¡å¾ªçŽ¯ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">æ ‘çŠ¶ï¼šä¾‹å¦‚ï¼ŒA到Bå’ŒC，B到Då’ŒE。而C到Få’ŒG。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">星状：例如，A为ä¸å¿ƒï¼ŒAå‘出到Bã€Cã€Dã€‚ï¼ˆæ˜ŸçŠ¶å¥½æ¯”æ˜Ÿå°„çº¿ï¼Œæ˜ŸçŠ¶æ˜¯ç‰¹æ®Šçš„æ ‘çŠ¶ï¼‰</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">网状：例如，A到Bã€Cã€D，B到Aã€Cã€D。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>3.层次对应：</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如，X分为Aã€Bã€C，Y分为Dã€Eã€F，那么Xå’ŒY的关系具体就是Aã€Bã€Cå’ŒDã€Eã€F之间的关系。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a class="lemma-album layout-right nslog:10000206" title="系统的层次对应" href="/pic/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF/3348043/17139150/962bd40735fae6cd8b2a6f990db30f2443a70fa8?fr=lemma&ct=cover" target="_blank" style="width:189px;" nslog-type="10000206">
<div class="album-wrap" style="width:187px;height:220px;">
<img class="picture" alt="系统的层次对应" src="https://gss0.bdstatic.com/94o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=56bd591bff1f4134e437027c151e95c1/962bd40735fae6cd8b2a6f990db30f2443a70fa8.jpg" style="width:187px;height:220px;"/>
</div>
<div class="description">
系统的层次对应<span class="number">(3å¼ )</span>
</div>
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</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>4.系统的基本特å¾ï¼š</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%95%B4%E4%BD%93/7193606" data-lemmaid="7193606">整体</a>性特å¾ï¼šç³»ç»Ÿä½œä¸ºä¸€ä¸ªæ•´ä½“具有超越于系统内个体之上的整体性特å¾ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">个体性特å¾ï¼šç³»ç»Ÿå†…的个体是构æˆç³»ç»Ÿçš„å…ƒç´ ï¼Œæ²¡æœ‰ä¸ªä½“å°±æ²¡æœ‰ç³»ç»Ÿã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">å…³è”性特å¾ï¼šç³»ç»Ÿå†…的个体是相互关è”的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">结构性特å¾ï¼šç³»ç»Ÿå†…相互关è”的个体是按一定的结构框架å˜åœ¨çš„。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">层次性特å¾ï¼šç³»ç»Ÿä¸Žç³»ç»Ÿå†…的个体之关è”ä¿¡æ¯çš„ä¼ é€’è·¯å¾„æ˜¯åˆ†å±‚æ¬¡çš„ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97/437198" data-lemmaid="437198">模å—</a>性特å¾ï¼šç³»ç»Ÿæ¯ä½“内部是å¯ä»¥åˆ†æˆè‹¥å¹²åå—的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">独立性特å¾ï¼šç³»ç»Ÿä½œä¸ºä¸€ä¸ªæ•´ä½“是相对独立的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">开放性特å¾ï¼šç³»ç»Ÿä½œä¸ºä¸€ä¸ªæ•´ä½“åˆä¼šä¸Žå…¶å®ƒç³»ç»Ÿç›¸äº’å…³è”相互影å“。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">å‘展性特å¾ï¼šç³»ç»Ÿæ˜¯éšæ—¶å¯èƒ½<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%BC%94%E5%8F%98">æ¼”å˜</a>的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>5.事件è”系：</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">å› æžœæ˜¯å‘生å˜åŒ–çš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%AC%E8%B4%A8/33073" data-lemmaid="33073">本质</a>原ç†ï¼Œå‰ææ¡ä»¶æ˜¯å‘生å˜åŒ–需è¦å…·å¤‡çš„æ¡ä»¶ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯å…·å¤‡å‰ææ¡ä»¶ä¸ä¸€å®šå°±ä¼šå‘生å˜åŒ–，还需è¦è§¦å‘æ¡ä»¶ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如事件：ç«æŠŠçº¸çƒ§æˆç°ï¼ŒåŽŸå› ç»“æžœå…³ç³»ï¼šå› ä¸ºæ°§åŒ–ç‡ƒçƒ§å应，所以纸å˜æˆç°ï¼Œå‰ææ¡ä»¶ï¼šçº¸ã€ç«ã€ç©ºæ°”，触å‘æ¡ä»¶ï¼šç«ç‚¹ç‡ƒçº¸ã€‚åŽŸå› æ˜¯å˜åŒ–的本质原ç†ï¼Œå¦‚æžœæŠŠåŽŸå› è¯´æˆè¡¨é¢çŽ°è±¡â€œå› 为ç«ç‚¹ç‡ƒçº¸ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥çº¸çƒ§æˆç°ã€‚â€é‚£ä¹ˆåŽŸå› 就和触å‘æ¡ä»¶ä¸€æ ·äº†ï¼Œä¸ºäº†åŒºåˆ†åŽŸå› 和触å‘æ¡ä»¶ï¼ŒæŠŠåŽŸå› 说æˆæœ¬è´¨åŽŸç†ï¼Œè€ŒæŠŠè§¦å‘æ¡ä»¶è¯´æˆè¡¨é¢çŽ°è±¡ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如事件：è¦åˆæˆç‰¹å®šçš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90">生物分å</a>，æ£è´Ÿ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A2">基团</a>之间的相互å¸å¼•æ˜¯<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94/926372" data-lemmaid="926372">化å¦å应</a>å‘ç”Ÿçš„åŽŸå› ï¼Œé€‚å½“çš„æ¸©åº¦å’Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/pH%E5%80%BC">pH值</a>以åŠæ‰€éœ€çš„酶是化å¦å应å‘生的å‰ææ¡ä»¶ï¼ŒæŠŠå„ç§å应物放在一起是化å¦å应å‘生的触å‘æ¡ä»¶ï¼Œåˆæˆç‰¹å®šçš„生物分å是化å¦å应的目的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>6.å› æžœå…³ç³»</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">简å•æ˜¯è¯´ï¼Œå› 果关系的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91/543" data-lemmaid="543">逻辑</a>å°±æ˜¯ï¼šå› ä¸ºA，所以B，或者说如果出现现象A，必然就会出现现象B（充分关系）。这是一ç§å¼•èµ·å’Œè¢«å¼•èµ·çš„å…³ç³»ï¼Œè€Œä¸”æ˜¯åŽŸå› A在å‰ï¼Œç»“æžœB在åŽã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）一切先åŽå…³ç³»ä¸ä¸€å®šå°±æ˜¯<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB">å› æžœå…³ç³»</a>，例如：起床先穿衣æœï¼Œç„¶åŽç©¿è£¤å，或者说先涮牙åŽæ´—脸，这都ä¸æ˜¯å› 果关系。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）并ä¸æ˜¯ä¸€åˆ‡å¿…然è”系都是引起和被引起的关系，åªæœ‰æœ‰äº†å¼•èµ·å’Œè¢«å¼•èµ·å…³ç³»çš„必然è”系，æ‰æ˜¯å±žäºŽå› æžœè”系。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">å› æžœå¯¹åº”å…³ç³»ï¼š</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1ï¼‰ä¸€å› ä¸€æžœï¼šæ—¢ä¸€ä¸ªåŽŸå› äº§ç”Ÿä¸€ä¸ªç»“æžœã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2ï¼‰å¤šå› ä¸€æžœï¼šæ—¢å¤šä¸ªåŽŸå› ä¸€èµ·äº§ç”Ÿä¸€ä¸ªç»“æžœã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（3ï¼‰ä¸€å› å¤šæžœï¼šæ—¢ä¸€ä¸ªåŽŸå› äº§ç”Ÿå¤šä¸ªç»“æžœã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（4ï¼‰å¤šå› å¤šæžœï¼šæ—¢å¤šä¸ªåŽŸå› ä¸€èµ·äº§ç”Ÿå¤šä¸ªç»“æžœã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">推ç†åˆ†ä¸º<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AD%A3%E5%90%91%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86">æ£å‘推ç†</a>å’Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%80%86%E5%90%91%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86">逆å‘推ç†</a>，æ£å‘推ç†æ˜¯ç”±åŽŸå› 推ç†ç»“果，而逆å‘推ç†æ˜¯ç”±ç»“果推ç†åŽŸå› ，在推ç†æ—¶ï¼Œä¸ä»…è¦è€ƒè™‘åŽŸå› å’Œç»“æžœï¼Œè¿˜è¦è€ƒè™‘å‰ææ¡ä»¶å’Œè§¦å‘æ¡ä»¶ï¼Œæœ‰æ—¶è¿˜è¦è€ƒè™‘目的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">æ£å‘推ç†ï¼š</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：英国民谣：<b>“失了一颗é“钉，丢了一åªé©¬è¹„é“；丢了一åªé©¬è¹„é“，折了一匹战马；折了一匹战马，æŸå¤±ä¸€ä½å°†å†›ï¼›æŸå¤±ä¸€ä½å°†å†›ï¼Œè¾“了一场战争；输了一场战争，亡了一个å¸å›½ã€‚â€</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">逆å‘推ç†ï¼š</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：当时，德国å¤å…¸å“²å¦ä¸çš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BE%A9%E8%AF%81">辩è¯</a>æ€æƒ³å·²ä¼ 入英国，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC">法拉第</a>å—其影å“，认为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%B5/22248" data-lemmaid="22248">电</a>å’Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A3%81">ç£</a>之间必然å˜åœ¨è”系并且能相互转化。他想既然电能产生<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A3%81%E5%9C%BA/63505" data-lemmaid="63505">ç£åœº</a>，那么ç£åœºä¹Ÿèƒ½äº§ç”Ÿç”µã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>7.物质和信æ¯çš„ä¼ è¾“ï¼š</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">很多事物之间的è”系体现为物质或信æ¯çš„ä¼ è¾“ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）å‘æ•£ä¼ è¾“ï¼šä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œäº‹ç‰©ç”²å‘äº‹ç‰©ä¹™ä¼ è¾“ç‰©è´¨æˆ–ä¿¡æ¯X，激å‘乙产生物质或信æ¯Aã€Bã€C。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88/33302" data-lemmaid="33302">æ•´åˆ</a>ä¼ è¾“ï¼šä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œä¹™æ”¶åˆ°Aã€Bã€C时，激å‘产生X，乙收到Aã€Bã€D时，激å‘产生Y。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（3ï¼‰è½¬åŒ–ä¼ è¾“ï¼šä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œç”²å‘ä¹™ä¼ è¾“X，激å‘乙产生Y。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">è½¬åŒ–åˆ†ä¸ºï¼šå¢žåŠ ã€å‡å°‘ã€æ”¹å˜ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（4）ç›é€‰ä¼ 输：符åˆç‰¹å®šçš„æ¡ä»¶æ‰å¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡ï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚：甲å‘ä¹™ä¼ è¾“A，Aå¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡ä¹™ï¼Œç”²å‘ä¹™ä¼ è¾“B，Bä¸èƒ½é€šè¿‡ä¹™ï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚：乙收到A，Aä¸å¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡ä¹™ï¼Œä¹™æ”¶åˆ°Aå’ŒB，Aæ‰å¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡ä¹™ã€‚有“ç›é€‰â€è¿™ä¸ªæ¥éª¤ï¼Œå°±æ„味ç€æœ‰â€œåˆ¤å®šâ€è¿™ä¸ªæ¥éª¤ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（5）åé¦ˆä¼ è¾“ï¼šä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œç”²å‘ä¹™ä¼ è¾“X，激å‘ä¹™å‘甲å馈Y，甲收到YåŽï¼ŒæŠ‘åˆ¶æˆ–åŠ å¼ºç”²å‘ä¹™ä¼ è¾“çš„X，如果是抑制，就是负åé¦ˆï¼Œå¦‚æžœæ˜¯åŠ å¼ºï¼Œå°±æ˜¯æ£å馈。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>8.阶段结æŸåŽçš„判定与阶段过程ä¸çš„触å‘：</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">有些事件å¯ä»¥ç”¨é˜¶æ®µçš„å½¢å¼æ¥æ述。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）一个阶段完æˆåŽï¼Œä¸‹ä¸€ä¸ªé˜¶æ®µå¯èƒ½æ˜¯å›ºå®šçš„，例如：阶段A完æˆåŽï¼Œè¿›è¡Œé˜¶æ®µB。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）一个阶段完æˆåŽï¼Œä¸‹ä¸€ä¸ªé˜¶æ®µä¹Ÿå¯èƒ½æ˜¯ä¸å›ºå®šçš„ï¼Œå°±æ˜¯æ ¹æ®ä¸€ä¸ªé˜¶æ®µå®ŒæˆåŽçš„状æ€æ¥å†³å®šä¸‹ä¸€æ¥çš„æ“作，例如：阶段A完æˆåŽçš„状æ€ï¼Œå¦‚果符åˆæ¡ä»¶1，接下æ¥è¿›è¡Œé˜¶æ®µB，如果符åˆæ¡ä»¶2，接下æ¥è¿›è¡Œé˜¶æ®µC，如果都ä¸ç¬¦åˆï¼ŒæŽ¥ä¸‹æ¥è¿›è¡Œé˜¶æ®µD，这就是阶段结æŸåŽçš„判定。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（3）在有些情况下，ä¸ç‰åˆ°é˜¶æ®µè¿›è¡Œå®Œå°±è¦è¿›è¡Œåˆ¤å®šï¼Œä¹Ÿå°±æ˜¯åœ¨é˜¶æ®µè¿‡ç¨‹ä¸è¿›è¡Œåˆ¤å®šï¼Œè¿™å°±æ˜¯é˜¶æ®µè¿‡ç¨‹ä¸çš„触å‘，例如：有的温度<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A7%A6%E5%8F%91%E5%99%A8/16782" data-lemmaid="16782">触å‘器</a>，用于实时防æ¢æ¸©åº¦è¿‡é«˜çš„çªå‘异常，这就需è¦åœ¨é˜¶æ®µè¿›è¡Œä¸è¿›è¡Œåˆ¤å®šï¼Œå¦‚æžœç‰åˆ°é˜¶æ®µç»“æŸæ‰åˆ¤å®šï¼Œæœºå™¨å¯èƒ½å°±çƒ§å了。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">ç”±æ¤å¯è§é˜¶æ®µç»“æŸåŽçš„判定和阶段过程ä¸çš„触å‘è¦ç»“åˆèµ·æ¥ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a class="lemma-album layout-right nslog:10000206" title="阶段与触å‘" href="/pic/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF/3348043/17139151/e1fe9925bc315c60d48be7138fb1cb1349547734?fr=lemma&ct=cover" target="_blank" style="width:190px;" nslog-type="10000206">
<div class="album-wrap" style="width:188px;height:220px;">
<img class="picture" alt="阶段与触å‘" src="https://gss0.bdstatic.com/94o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=ecf428ef95dda144de096bb082b6d009/e1fe9925bc315c60d48be7138fb1cb1349547734.jpg" style="width:188px;height:220px;"/>
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<div class="description">
阶段与触å‘<span class="number">(2å¼ )</span>
</div>
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<div class="para" label-module="para" style="clear: both;" >判定方å¼ï¼š</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）是å¦çš„判定：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">æ ¹æ®æ˜¯å¦ç¬¦åˆæ¡ä»¶æ¥å†³å®šç›¸åº”的下一æ¥çš„æ“作。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：å³å›¾çš„数值xå¯ä»¥æ˜¯ç‰çº§ã€ç§¯åˆ†ç‰ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）多选一判定：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">多个选择ä¸ï¼Œæ ¹æ®ç¬¦åˆå…¶ä¸çš„æŸä¸€ä¸ªæ¡ä»¶æ¥å†³å®šç›¸åº”的下一æ¥çš„æ“作。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a class="lemma-album layout-right nslog:10000206" title="多选一判定" href="/pic/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF/3348043/17139152/f11f3a292df5e0fead4adc0b586034a85edf726d?fr=lemma&ct=cover" target="_blank" style="width:222px;" nslog-type="10000206">
<div class="album-wrap" style="width:220px;height:165px;">
<img class="picture" alt="多选一判定" src="https://gss0.bdstatic.com/-4o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=8411aaba61380cd7e21ea5ef9145ad14/f11f3a292df5e0fead4adc0b586034a85edf726d.jpg" style="width:220px;height:165px;"/>
</div>
<div class="description">
多选一判定<span class="number">(3å¼ )</span>
</div>
<div class="albumBg">
<div class="albumBgFir" style="width:214px;"></div>
<div class="albumBgSec" style="width:208px;"></div>
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</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">（3）循环判定：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">æ ¹æ®æ˜¯å¦ç¬¦åˆæ¡ä»¶æ¥å†³å®šç›¸åº”çš„æ“作和是å¦å¾ªçŽ¯ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（4）与ã€æˆ–ã€éžçš„判定</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">逻辑与：所有é™å®šçš„æ¡ä»¶éƒ½å…·å¤‡æ‰ä¼šäº§ç”ŸæŒ‡å®šç»“果。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E6%88%96">逻辑或</a>：åªè¦å…·å¤‡é™å®šçš„æ¡ä»¶ä¸çš„任何一个æ¡ä»¶å°±ä¼šäº§ç”ŸæŒ‡å®šçš„结果。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E9%9D%9E">逻辑éž</a>：ä¸å…·å¤‡é™å®šæ¡ä»¶ä¸çš„任何的æ¡ä»¶æ‰ä¼šäº§ç”ŸæŒ‡å®šçš„结果。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>9.物质，属性，属性值，规则：</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">系统是由多个物质组æˆï¼Œæ¯ä¸€ä¸ªç‰©è´¨éƒ½æœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªæˆ–多个属性，æ¯ä¸ªå±žæ€§éƒ½æœ‰çŠ¶æ€çš„值，有的是å˜é‡ï¼Œæœ‰çš„则是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B8%B8%E9%87%8F/10232375" data-lemmaid="10232375">常é‡</a>，有的属性分为多个å属性，æ¯ä¸ªå属性也有状æ€çš„值，通俗的说，属性就是物质的性质，属性值就是物质的状æ€ã€‚规则就是å„ç§å±žæ€§æ€Žæ ·ç›¸äº’作用，分为åŒç§å±žæ€§çš„相互作用和ä¸åŒå±žæ€§çš„相互作用，规则å‘ç”Ÿçš„è¿‡ç¨‹å°±æ˜¯äº‹ä»¶ï¼Œç”¨åŽŸå› ä¸Žç»“æžœã€å‰ææ¡ä»¶ã€è§¦å‘æ¡ä»¶ã€ç›®çš„æ¥æ述规则，规则规定了物质（系统）的å˜åŒ–æ–¹å¼ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：è·ç¦»ç‰äºŽé€Ÿåº¦ä¹˜ä»¥æ—¶é—´ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">è·ç¦»ã€é€Ÿåº¦ã€æ—¶é—´éƒ½æ˜¯å±žæ€§ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”有属性值，规则（公å¼ï¼‰å°†è¿™ä¸‰ä¸ªå±žæ€§è”系在一起。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>10.系统分解：</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）按<b>ä½ç½®</b>分解系统：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：把æ‘å的人，分为A家åºçš„人ã€B家åºçš„人ç‰ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）按<b>性质</b>分解系统：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：把æ‘å的人，分为男人和女人。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（3）按<b>系统æˆåˆ†å¯¹ç³»ç»Ÿçš„作用</b>æ¥åˆ†è§£ç³»ç»Ÿï¼š</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：把æ‘å的人，分为æ‘干部ã€è¦å¯Ÿã€æ•™å¸ˆã€åŒ»ç”Ÿã€å†œæ°‘ç‰ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（4）按<b>系统æˆåˆ†ä¹‹é—´çš„相互作用</b>æ¥åˆ†è§£ç³»ç»Ÿï¼š</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：把æ‘å的人，分为家åºå…³ç³»ã€å¸ˆç”Ÿå…³ç³»ã€è€æ¿ä¸Žå‘˜å·¥å…³ç³»ç‰ã€‚ï¼ˆä½†æ˜¯è¿™æ ·ä¼šå‡ºçŽ°é‡å¤ï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚，一个人既处于家åºå…³ç³»ä¸ï¼Œåˆå¤„于师生关系ä¸ã€‚）</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（5）按<b>æ£è´Ÿå…³ç³»</b>æ¥åˆ†è§£ç³»ç»Ÿï¼š</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：把æ‘å的人，分为好人和å人。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（6）按<b>时间顺åº</b>æ¥åˆ†è§£ç³»ç»Ÿï¼š</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：把æ‘å的人，分为è€äººã€é’å¹´ã€å„¿ç«¥ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>11.开放系统ã€å°é—系统ã€å¤ç«‹ç³»ç»Ÿï¼š</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F">开放系统</a>：系统之间有物质和能é‡çš„交æ¢ï¼Œç³»ç»Ÿä¹‹é—´ç‰©è´¨æˆ–能é‡äº¤æ¢çš„地方就是系统接å£ï¼Œæœ‰çš„开放系统需è¦åŠ¨æ€ç»´æŒï¼Œä¸€æ—¦æ²¡æœ‰äº†ç»´æŒï¼Œç³»ç»Ÿå°±æ— 法å˜åœ¨ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%81%E9%97%AD%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F">å°é—系统</a>：系统之间没有物质的交æ¢ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯æœ‰èƒ½é‡çš„交æ¢ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（3）<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F">å¤ç«‹ç³»ç»Ÿ</a>：系统之间既没有物质的交æ¢ï¼Œä¹Ÿæ²¡æœ‰èƒ½é‡çš„交æ¢ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>12.模å—：</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">把系统ä¸çš„多个物质看åšä¸€ä¸ªæ•´ä½“（å°ç³»ç»Ÿï¼‰ï¼Œè§‚察这个整体的输入ã€å¤„ç†ã€è¾“出。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1_4" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub185129_1_4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="è”系的制约" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="1-4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>è”系的制约</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1.一个è”系的形æˆå—到å¦ä¸€ä¸ªæˆ–多个è”系的制约，也就是说一个规则会å—到å¦ä¸€ä¸ªæˆ–多个规则的制约。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2.è”系的形æˆå—到矛盾的制约。è”ç³»ä¸å¯èƒ½åŒ…å«ç€æ£ä¸Žè´Ÿçš„矛盾，æ£ä¸Žåçš„çŸ›ç›¾ï¼Œæœ‰ä¸Žæ— çš„çŸ›ç›¾ï¼Œå®žä¸Žè™šçš„çŸ›ç›¾ï¼Œå¼€ä¸Žå…³çš„çŸ›ç›¾ï¼Œå¢žå¼ºä¸Žå‡å¼±çš„矛盾，动与é™çš„矛盾，进与出的矛盾，å¸å¼•ä¸ŽæŽ’斥的矛盾，å¸æ”¶ä¸Žé‡Šæ”¾çš„矛盾，åˆä¸Žåˆ†çš„矛盾，çƒä¸Žå†·çš„矛盾，亮与暗的矛盾，大与å°çš„矛盾，长与çŸçš„矛盾，é‡ä¸Žè½»çš„矛盾，内与外的矛盾，上与下的矛盾，左与å³çš„矛盾ç‰ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">人们有时候会忽视一些矛盾，例如：一个柜å就蕴å«ç€å¾ˆå¤šçš„矛盾，é™æ¢çš„柜体与活动的柜门之间的矛盾，柜å的内与外之间的矛盾，柜å的上层与下层之间的矛盾，柜å开与关的矛盾，柜门的左门å‘左开与å³é—¨å‘å³å¼€çš„矛盾，柜å门的æ£é¢å’Œåé¢çš„矛盾，柜å里已å 用的空间和未å 有的空间的矛盾，柜å由新å˜æ—§çš„矛盾，一个简å•çš„柜å是在这么多矛盾的约æŸä¸‹å½¢æˆçš„，å¯è§çŸ›ç›¾å¯¹äº‹ç‰©çš„约æŸç¡®å®žå¾ˆå¤§ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">有时è¦æ€è€ƒï¼š</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）一个事物包å«äº†ä»€ä¹ˆæ ·çš„矛盾。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2ï¼‰çŸ›ç›¾ä¹‹é—´æ€Žæ ·çš„å¯¹ç«‹ã€æ€Žæ ·çš„统一。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（3）矛盾åŒæ–¹æ˜¯ä¸€èµ·äº§ç”Ÿçš„还是先åŽäº§ç”Ÿçš„。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（4）ä¸åŒçš„çŸ›ç›¾ä¹‹é—´æ˜¯ä»€ä¹ˆæ ·çš„è”系。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（5）知é“一个物质，有没有与之矛盾的物质。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（6）矛盾åŒæ–¹æ˜¯æ··åˆè¿˜æ˜¯ä¸å’Œï¼ˆä¾‹å¦‚：ç‰é‡çš„白油漆和黑油漆ä¸å’Œæˆç°æ²¹æ¼†ï¼ŒåŽŸæ¥çš„白油漆和黑油漆都ä¸å˜åœ¨äº†ï¼Œè€Œç‰é‡çš„白沙å和黑沙åæ··åˆæˆé»‘白交织的沙å，原æ¥çš„白沙å和黑沙å都å˜åœ¨ã€‚）</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1_5" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub185129_1_5" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="相关的逻辑" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="1-5" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>相关的逻辑</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>1.归纳与演绎</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3">归纳</a>：从多个个别的事物ä¸èŽ·å¾—æ™®é的规则。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：黑马ã€ç™½é©¬ï¼Œå¯ä»¥å½’纳为马。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">演绎：与归纳相å，演绎是从普é性规则推导出个别性规则。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：马å¯ä»¥æ¼”绎为黑马ã€ç™½é©¬ç‰ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>2.分æžä¸Žç»¼åˆ</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">分æžï¼šåˆ†æžæ˜¯æŠŠäº‹ç‰©åˆ†è§£ä¸ºå„个部分ã€ä¾§é¢ã€å±žæ€§ï¼Œåˆ†åˆ«åŠ ä»¥ç ”ç©¶ã€‚æ˜¯è®¤è¯†äº‹ç‰©æ•´ä½“çš„å¿…è¦é˜¶æ®µã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">综åˆï¼šç»¼åˆæ˜¯æŠŠäº‹ç‰©å„个部分ã€ä¾§é¢ã€å±žæ€§æŒ‰å†…在è”系有机地统一为整体，以掌æ¡äº‹ç‰©çš„本质和规律。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">分æžä¸Žç»¼åˆæ˜¯äº’相渗é€å’Œè½¬åŒ–的，在分æžåŸºç¡€ä¸Šç»¼åˆï¼Œåœ¨ç»¼åˆæŒ‡å¯¼ä¸‹åˆ†æžã€‚分æžä¸Žç»¼åˆï¼Œå¾ªçŽ¯å¾€å¤ï¼ŒæŽ¨åŠ¨è®¤è¯†çš„深化和å‘展。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">äº‹ä¾‹ï¼šåœ¨å…‰çš„ç ”ç©¶ä¸ï¼Œäººä»¬åˆ†æžäº†å…‰çš„ç›´çº¿ä¼ æ’ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84/37976" data-lemmaid="37976">åå°„</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84">折射</a>，认为光是微粒，人们åˆåˆ†æžç ”究光的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89/5722962" data-lemmaid="5722962">干涉</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%84">è¡å°„</a>现象和其他一些微粒说ä¸èƒ½è§£é‡Šçš„现象，认为光是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%A2/7467115" data-lemmaid="7467115">æ³¢</a>。当人们测出了å„ç§å…‰çš„波长，æ出了光的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA">电ç£ç†è®º</a>，似乎光就是一ç§æ³¢ï¼Œä¸€ç§<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2">电ç£æ³¢</a>。但是，光电效应的å‘现åˆæ˜¯æ³¢åŠ¨è¯´æ— 法解释的，åˆæ出了<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90">å…‰å</a>说。当人们把这些方é¢ç»¼åˆèµ·æ¥ä»¥åŽï¼Œä¸€ä¸ªæ–°çš„认识产生了：光具有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%A2%E7%B2%92%E4%BA%8C%E8%B1%A1%E6%80%A7">波粒二象性</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>3.抽象与概括</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1/82058" data-lemmaid="82058">抽象</a>：抽象是从众多的事物ä¸æŠ½å–出共åŒçš„ã€æœ¬è´¨æ€§çš„特å¾ï¼Œè€Œèˆå¼ƒå…¶éžæœ¬è´¨çš„特å¾ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">具体地说，科å¦æŠ½è±¡å°±æ˜¯äººä»¬åœ¨å®žè·µçš„基础上，对于丰富的感性æ料通过“去粗å–ç²¾ã€åŽ»ä¼ªå˜çœŸã€ç”±æ¤åŠå½¼ã€ç”±è¡¨åŠé‡Œâ€çš„åŠ å·¥åˆ¶ä½œï¼Œå½¢æˆæ¦‚念ã€åˆ¤æ–ã€æŽ¨ç†ç‰æ€ç»´å½¢å¼ï¼Œä»¥åæ˜ äº‹ç‰©çš„æœ¬è´¨å’Œè§„å¾‹ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A6%82%E6%8B%AC">概括</a>：概括是形æˆæ¦‚念的一ç§æ€ç»´è¿‡ç¨‹å’Œæ–¹æ³•ã€‚å³ä»Žæ€æƒ³ä¸æŠŠæŸäº›å…·æœ‰ä¸€äº›ç›¸åŒå±žæ€§çš„事物ä¸æŠ½å–出æ¥çš„本质属性，推广到具有这些属性的一切事物，从而形æˆå…³äºŽè¿™ç±»äº‹ç‰©çš„æ™®é概念。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A6%82%E6%8B%AC/11014855" data-lemmaid="11014855">概括</a>是科å¦å‘现的é‡è¦æ–¹æ³•ã€‚å› ä¸ºæ¦‚æ‹¬æ˜¯ç”±è¾ƒå°èŒƒå›´çš„认识上å‡åˆ°è¾ƒå¤§èŒƒå›´çš„认识；是由æŸä¸€é¢†åŸŸçš„认识推广到å¦ä¸€é¢†åŸŸçš„认识。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1_6" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub185129_1_6" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="相关的哲å¦" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="1-6" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>相关的哲å¦</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>1.å†…å› ä¸Žå¤–å› </b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E5%9B%A0">å†…å› </a>：是事物å˜åŒ–å‘å±•çš„å†…åœ¨æ ¹æ®ã€‚å†…å› æ˜¯äº‹ç‰©å˜åœ¨çš„基础，是一事物区别于他事物的内在本质，是事物è¿åŠ¨çš„æºæ³‰å’ŒåŠ¨åŠ›ï¼Œå®ƒè§„定ç€äº‹ç‰©è¿åŠ¨å’Œå‘展的基本趋势。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%A0">å¤–å› </a>：事物å˜åŒ–ã€å‘å±•çš„å¤–åœ¨åŽŸå› ï¼Œå³ä¸€äº‹ç‰©å’Œä»–事物的互相è”系和互相影å“。唯物辩è¯æ³•è®¤ä¸ºå¤–å› åªæ˜¯äº‹ç‰©å‘展ã€å˜åŒ–çš„æ¡ä»¶ï¼Œå¤–å› åªæœ‰é€šè¿‡å†…å› æ‰èƒ½èµ·ä½œç”¨ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">事例：鸡蛋å¯ä»¥åµåŒ–出å°é¸¡ï¼Œè€ŒçŸ³å¤´ä¸èƒ½åµåŒ–出å°é¸¡ï¼Œå› ä¸ºçŸ³å¤´ç¼ºå°‘å†…å› ï¼ˆç”Ÿé•¿å‘育的功能），开水锅里的鸡蛋也ä¸èƒ½åµåŒ–出å°é¸¡ï¼Œå› ä¸ºå¼€æ°´é”…é‡Œçš„é¸¡è›‹ç¼ºå°‘å¤–å› ï¼ˆåˆé€‚çš„åµåŒ–温度）。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>2.现象与本质</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">从观察表é¢çŽ°è±¡åˆ°å‘现本质规律。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">表é¢çŽ°è±¡æ˜¯äº‹ç‰©çš„外在体现，而本质规律是事物的内在体现。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>3.相对与ç»å¯¹</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">相对与ç»å¯¹æ˜¯åæ˜ äº‹ç‰©æ€§è´¨çš„ä¸¤ä¸ªä¸åŒæ–¹é¢çš„哲å¦èŒƒç•´ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">相对是指有æ¡ä»¶çš„ã€æš‚时的ã€æœ‰é™çš„。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">ç»å¯¹æ˜¯æŒ‡æ— æ¡ä»¶çš„ã€æ°¸æ’çš„ã€æ— é™çš„。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>4.é™æ¢ä¸Žè¿åŠ¨</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">è¿åŠ¨æ˜¯ç‰©è´¨çš„固有性质和å˜åœ¨æ–¹å¼ï¼Œæ˜¯ç»å¯¹çš„ã€æ— æ¡ä»¶çš„，é™æ¢æ˜¯ä»Žä¸€å®šçš„关系上考察è¿åŠ¨æ—¶ï¼Œè¿åŠ¨è¡¨çŽ°å‡ºæ¥çš„特殊情况，是相对的ã€æœ‰æ¡ä»¶çš„。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">é™æ¢çš„两ç§æƒ…况：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">(1)一切事物虽然æ¯æ—¶æ¯åˆ»éƒ½åœ¨è¿åŠ¨ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯æŸä¸€å…·ä½“事物在æŸç§åœºåˆä¸‹å¯ä»¥ä¸å…·æœ‰æŸç§ç‰¹å®šçš„è¿åŠ¨å½¢å¼ã€‚就其ä¸å…·æœ‰è¿™ç§ç‰¹å®šçš„è¿åŠ¨å½¢å¼è¿™ä¸€ç‚¹è€Œè¨€ï¼Œå®ƒæ˜¯é™æ¢çš„。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：地é¢ä¸Šçš„建ç‘物就其对地é¢æ²¡æœ‰ä½œæœºæ¢°è¿åŠ¨è¿™ä¸€ç‚¹è€Œè¨€æ˜¯é™æ¢çš„，但是这ç§é™æ¢ä»…仅是从一定的“å‚考系â€çœ‹æ¥æ‰æ˜¯å¦‚æ¤ï¼Œä»Žåˆ«çš„“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E7%B3%BB">å‚考系</a>â€çœ‹æ¥åˆæ˜¯è¿åŠ¨çš„，如建ç‘物éšåœ°é¢ä¸€èµ·å›´ç»•ç€å¤ªé˜³è¿è½¬ï¼Œåˆéšå¤ªé˜³ç³»ä¸€èµ·åœ¨é“¶æ²³ç³»ä¸è¿è½¬ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">(2)一切事物虽然æ¯æ—¶æ¯åˆ»éƒ½åœ¨è¿åŠ¨ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯å¹¶éžåœ¨ä»»ä½•æ—¶å€™éƒ½å‘生质å˜ã€‚当事物还没有å‘生质å˜æ—¶ï¼Œè¿™ä¸ªäº‹ç‰©è¿˜æ˜¯å®ƒè‡ªå·±ï¼Œåœ¨è¿™ä¸ªæ„义上它是é™æ¢çš„。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>5.é‡å˜ä¸Žè´¨å˜</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%87%8F%E5%8F%98">é‡å˜</a>：é‡å˜å¸¸å¸¸ä¸ºâ€œæ¸å˜â€ã€‚与质å˜ç›¸å¯¹ã€‚指事物在数é‡ä¸Šçš„å¢žåŠ æˆ–å‡å°‘以åŠåœºæ‰€çš„å˜æ›´ï¼Œæ˜¯ä¸€ç§è¿žç»çš„ã€é€æ¸çš„ã€ä¸æ˜¾è‘—çš„å˜åŒ–。唯物辩è¯æ³•è®¤ä¸ºï¼Œé‡å˜æ˜¯äº‹ç‰©è¿åŠ¨çš„基本状æ€ä¹‹ä¸€ï¼Œå®ƒç”±äº‹ç‰©å†…部矛盾ç€çš„å„个方é¢åˆç»Ÿä¸€åˆæ–—争而引起，是事物æ¯æ—¶æ¯åˆ»éƒ½åœ¨è¿›è¡Œçš„è¿žç»ä¸æ–çš„å˜åŒ–ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œå®ƒå…·æœ‰å®¢è§‚æ™®é性。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B4%A8%E5%8F%98">è´¨å˜</a>：事物从一ç§è´¨æ€å‘å¦ä¸€ç§è´¨æ€çš„转å˜ã€‚事物è¿åŠ¨çš„基本状æ€ä¹‹ä¸€ã€‚åŒé‡å˜ç›¸å¯¹ã€‚è´¨å˜å¸¸å¸¸ä¸ºâ€œçªå˜â€ã€‚è´¨å˜æ˜¯åœ¨é‡å˜çš„基础上å‘ç”Ÿçš„ï¼Œæ ‡å¿—ç€é‡çš„æ¸è¿›è¿‡ç¨‹çš„ä¸æ–。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>6.普通与特殊</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">对于一些事物的考察,è¦ä»Žæ™®é€šçŠ¶å†µå’Œç‰¹æ®ŠçŠ¶å†µä¸¤ä¸ªè§’度æ¥è€ƒè™‘ï¼Œå› ä¸ºæœ‰äº›äº‹ç‰©çš„æŸäº›æ€§è´¨åªæœ‰åœ¨ç‰¹æ®ŠçŠ¶å†µä¸‹æ‰ä¼šæ˜¾çŽ°å‡ºæ¥ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>7.实与虚</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">实与虚是相结åˆçš„。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）虚ä¸å«å®žï¼š</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">没有完全的ã€çº¯ç²¹çš„“虚â€ï¼Œå› 为任何“虚â€éƒ½è¦å»ºç«‹åœ¨ä¸€å®šçš„“实â€çš„基础上。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：游æˆçš„虚拟世界是“虚â€çš„，但是这个虚拟世界需è¦å»ºç«‹åœ¨ç”µå设备的基础上，而电å设备是“实â€çš„，æ¤å¤–，虚拟世界里的很多规律也是现实世界里的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：电影《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%BB%91%E5%AE%A2%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD/34564" data-lemmaid="34564">黑客å¸å›½</a>》æ述了一个虚拟的世界，一切都是信æ¯ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯è¿™ä¸ªä¸–ç•Œçš„å¤§éƒ¨åˆ†è§„åˆ™è¿˜æ˜¯æ ¹æ®çŽ°å®žä¸–界的规则而建立的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）实ä¸å«è™šï¼š</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：电脑的视频èŠå¤©ï¼Œæ˜¯å’Œä¸€ä¸ªçœŸå®žçš„人èŠå¤©ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯çœ‹åˆ°çš„是他的图åƒï¼Œè€Œå›¾åƒæ˜¯è™šçš„事物。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：看到一个红色的苹果，我们从物ç†å¦çš„知识å¯çŸ¥ï¼šè‹¹æžœçš„红色是苹果å射的特定频率的光波到达人眼形æˆçš„图åƒï¼Œçº¢è‰²å’Œç»¿è‰²çš„差别ä¸è¿‡æ˜¯å…‰æ³¢çš„频率ä¸åŒè€Œå·²ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥è‹¹æžœæœ¬èº«æ˜¯ä¸å¸¦é¢œè‰²çš„，看到的红色åªæ˜¯ç‰¹å®šçš„光波频率对人的大脑形æˆçš„效果，所以是“虚â€çš„。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>8.å¶ç„¶ä¸Žå¿…然</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%80%A7">必然性</a>与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%81%B6%E7%84%B6%E6%80%A7">å¶ç„¶æ€§</a>的辩è¯å…³ç³»ï¼š</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）必然性是指事物è”系和å‘展ä¸ä¸€å®šè¦å‘生的ã€ä¸å¯é¿å…的趋势。å¶ç„¶æ€§æ˜¯æŒ‡äº‹ç‰©è”系和å‘展ä¸ä¸ç¡®å®šçš„趋å‘。必然性和å¶ç„¶æ€§æ˜¯å¯¹ç«‹ç»Ÿä¸€çš„关系。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）二者是对立的，它们是事物å‘展的两ç§ä¸åŒè¶‹å‘ï¼Œäº§ç”Ÿçš„åŽŸå› ä»¥åŠåœ¨äº‹ç‰©å‘展ä¸çš„地ä½å’Œä½œç”¨ä¸åŒã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（3）二者是统一的，其表现是：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">第一，必然性总是通过大é‡çš„å¶ç„¶æ€§è¡¨çŽ°å‡ºæ¥ï¼Œç”±æ¤ä¸ºè‡ªå·±å¼€è¾Ÿé“路，没有脱离å¶ç„¶æ€§çš„纯粹必然性。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">第二，å¶ç„¶æ€§æ˜¯å¿…然性的表现形å¼å’Œå¿…è¦è¡¥å……，å¶ç„¶æ€§çš„背åŽæš—è—ç€å¿…然性并å—其制约，没有脱离必然性的纯粹å¶ç„¶æ€§ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">第三，必然性和å¶ç„¶æ€§å¯ä»¥åœ¨ä¸€å®šæ¡ä»¶ä¸‹äº’相转化。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（4）必然性和å¶ç„¶æ€§è¾©è¯å…³ç³»çš„原ç†ï¼Œå¯¹æŒ‡å¯¼ç§‘å¦ç ”究和社会实践有é‡å¤§æ„义。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%88%B1%E8%BF%AA%E7%94%9F">爱迪生</a>å‘明电ç¯æ³¡æ—¶ï¼Œå°è¯•äº†ä¸Šåƒç§æ料之åŽï¼Œæ‰æ‰¾åˆ°äº†<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%92%A8%E4%B8%9D">é’¨ä¸</a>，表é¢çœ‹æ¥ï¼Œçˆ±è¿ªç”Ÿå‘现钨ä¸æ˜¯å¶ç„¶çš„事情，实际上，没有爱迪生“努力â€è¿™ä¸ªå¿…ç„¶å› ç´ ï¼Œçˆ±è¿ªç”Ÿæ˜¯å‘现ä¸äº†é’¨ä¸çš„ï¼Œå› ä¸ºæ²¡æœ‰â€œåŠªåŠ›â€è¿™ä¸ªå¿…ç„¶çš„å› ç´ ï¼Œçˆ±è¿ªç”Ÿå¯èƒ½å°è¯•å‡ 百ç§ææ–™åŽï¼Œå°±ç´¯çš„ä¸æƒ³åšäº†ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>相关的å言</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">地外文明的探索ä¸ä»…是宇宙探索的一部分，åŒæ—¶å¯¹äººç±»çš„进化和<b>科技</b>çš„å‘展将产生深远的影å“。——<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%91%A8%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%AD">周海ä¸</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">åªæœ‰æœ‰æ•ˆåœ°ç»§æ‰¿äººç±»çŸ¥è¯†ï¼ŒåŒæ—¶æŠŠä¸–界最先进的<b>科技</b>知识拿到手，我们å†å‘å‰è¿ˆå‡ºåŠæ¥ï¼Œå°±æ˜¯æœ€å…ˆè¿›çš„水平，第一æµçš„科å¦å®¶ã€‚——<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B8%A9%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC">æ¸©ä¼¯æ ¼</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯ä½“系本身是一ç§çŽ°ä»£ç¤¾ä¼šç»„织，必须以一ç§çŽ°ä»£ç²¾ç¥žåŽŸåˆ™ä½œä¸ºè¿åŠ¨åŠ¨åŠ›ï¼Œä»…ä»…ä¾é å¢žåŠ èµ„é‡‘ä¸Žäººå‘˜çš„æŠ•å…¥ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸èƒ½èŽ·å¾—所期待的<b>科技</b>产生。——<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BD%95%E5%AE%B6%E6%A0%8B">ä½•å®¶æ ‹</a></div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>方法</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="2" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>å‘现的形å¼</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1.知é“åŽŸå› ï¼Œæ£å‘推ç†ï¼ŒèŽ·å¾—结果，如果没有充分的推ç†ä¾æ®ï¼Œå…ˆå‡è®¾ç»“果，然åŽè¯æ˜Žå‡è®¾çš„æ£ç¡®ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2.知é“结果，逆å‘推ç†ï¼ŒèŽ·å¾—åŽŸå› ï¼Œå¦‚æžœæ²¡æœ‰å……åˆ†çš„æŽ¨ç†ä¾æ®ï¼Œå…ˆå‡è®¾åŽŸå› ，然åŽè¯æ˜Žå‡è®¾çš„æ£ç¡®ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">æ£å‘推ç†å’Œé€†å‘推ç†ç›¸äº’包å«ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>å‡è¯´çš„æ出</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">科å¦ä¸Šç»å¸¸é‡åˆ°çš„事情：看到一个现象，分æžæœ‰å¤šå°‘ç§åŽŸå› å¯ä»¥é€ æˆè¿™ç§ç»“果（æ出å‡è¯´ï¼‰ï¼Œç„¶åŽè¯å®žå“ªä¸€ç§æˆ–å“ªå‡ ç§åŽŸå› （哪一ç§æˆ–å“ªå‡ ç§å‡è¯´ï¼‰æ˜¯æ£ç¡®çš„。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">æ出å‡è¯´éœ€è¦ï¼šï¼ˆ1）已有的但是还ä¸å……分的推ç†ä¾æ®ï¼ˆå¦‚果有充分推ç†ä¾æ®ï¼Œå°±ä¸ç”¨åŽ»å‡è®¾äº†ï¼Œå‡è®¾ä¹Ÿä¸æ˜¯æ²¡æœ‰ä¸æ¯«æŽ¨ç†ä¾æ®å°±åŽ»å‡ç©ºå‡è®¾çš„），（2）知识和ç»éªŒï¼Œï¼ˆ3）<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E6%80%9D%E7%BB%B4">逻辑æ€ç»´</a>，（4）<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%83%B3%E8%B1%A1%E5%8A%9B">想象力</a>，（5）直觉。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">é€æ¥ç¼©å°æ€è€ƒçš„范围，排除ä¸å¿…è¦çš„干扰。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>å‡è¯´çš„è¯æ˜Ž</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E8%AF%81%E6%98%8E">直接è¯æ˜Ž</a>：找到è¯æ®ï¼Œè¯æ˜Žå› 果关系。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%97%B4%E6%8E%A5%E8%AF%81%E6%98%8E">间接è¯æ˜Ž</a>：难以直接è¯æ˜Žçš„时候，å¯ä»¥è€ƒè™‘间接è¯æ˜Žã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：早期的冰箱冷冻机用的是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%9F%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82">氟利昂</a>，为了检查冷冻机的氟利昂是å¦æœ‰å¾®é‡çš„泄露，直接观察是很难å‘现的，科å¦å®¶ç»™æ°Ÿåˆ©æ˜‚ä¸æ·»åŠ 了夜光物质，然åŽåœ¨é»‘æš—ä¸è§‚察是å¦æœ‰äº®ç‚¹æ¥åˆ¤æ–是å¦æœ‰æ°Ÿåˆ©æ˜‚的泄露。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8E%92%E9%99%A4%E6%B3%95">排除法</a>：著å侦探<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9%E6%96%AF/16169473" data-lemmaid="16169473">ç¦å°”æ‘©æ–¯</a>说过：“当排除了所有其它的å¯èƒ½æ€§ï¼Œè¿˜å‰©ä¸€ä¸ªæ—¶ï¼Œä¸ç®¡æœ‰å¤šä¹ˆçš„ä¸å¯èƒ½ï¼Œé‚£éƒ½æ˜¯çœŸç›¸ã€‚â€</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%8D%E8%AF%81%E6%B3%95">åè¯æ³•</a>：从åé¢çš„角度的è¯æ˜Žæ–¹æ³•ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯åªé€‚用于一些情况。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：第一æ¥ï¼šå‡è®¾å‘½é¢˜ç»“论ä¸æˆç«‹ï¼Œå³å‡è®¾ç»“论的åé¢æˆç«‹ã€‚第二æ¥ï¼šä»Žè¿™ä¸ªå‘½é¢˜å‡ºå‘，ç»è¿‡æŽ¨ç†è¯æ˜Žå¾—出矛盾。第三æ¥ï¼šç”±çŸ›ç›¾åˆ¤æ–å‡è®¾ä¸æˆç«‹ï¼Œä»Žè€Œè‚¯å®šå‘½é¢˜çš„结论æ£ç¡®ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">5.è¯æ˜Žå‡è¯´ï¼Œéœ€è¦æ³¨æ„çš„æ–¹é¢ï¼š</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）实验对象的选择：第一，实验对象是å¦å…·æœ‰ä»£è¡¨æ€§ï¼Œç¬¬äºŒï¼Œå®žéªŒå¯¹è±¡ä»£è¡¨çš„是什么，是局部还是整体。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）实验情况的选择：有些性质åªæœ‰åœ¨ç‰¹æ®Šæƒ…况下或æžç«¯æƒ…况下æ‰èƒ½ä½“现出æ¥ï¼Œå¦‚果选择通常情况æ¥ç ”究，å¯èƒ½å°±å¾—ä¸åˆ°ç»“果。å之，知é“一个性质，è¦æ¸…楚这个性质是在通常情况下体现出æ¥çš„性质，还是在特殊情况下体现出æ¥çš„性质，还是在通常和特殊情况下都能体现出æ¥çš„性质。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>å› æžœä¸Žå¶ç„¶</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1.å› æžœçš„å…³ç³»ï¼šä¸€å› ä¸€æžœï¼Œä¸€å› å¤šæžœï¼Œä¸€æžœå¤šå› ï¼Œå¤šå› å¤šæžœã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2.å¶ç„¶è¿˜æ˜¯å¿…然：有些结果看似是å¶ç„¶çš„，其ä¸åŒ…å«ç€å¿…ç„¶çš„åŽŸå› ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>概率与平ç‰</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87">概率</a>：产生多ç§ç»“果，å„ç§ç»“果出现的概率是å¦ä¸€æ ·ï¼Œå¦‚æžœä¸ä¸€æ ·ï¼Œå„æ˜¯å¤šå°‘ï¼Œä»€ä¹ˆåŽŸå› ä½¿æœ‰çš„æ¦‚çŽ‡é«˜ï¼Œæœ‰çš„æ¦‚çŽ‡ä½Žã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2.å¹³ç‰ï¼šå„ç§å¹³ç‰çš„选择ä¸ï¼Œåªæœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªå¯èƒ½æˆä¸ºäº†äº‹å®žï¼Œé‚£ä¹ˆè‚¯å®šæœ‰æŸç§é€‰å–çš„åŽŸå› ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>组åˆã€æ‹“展ã€ç±»æ¯”</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1.功能组åˆï¼šæŠŠ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD%E6%9C%BA">蒸汽机</a>产生动力的功能和轮å转动的功能组åˆåœ¨ä¸€èµ·ï¼Œå‘明了早期的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6">蒸汽汽车</a>å’Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD%E7%81%AB%E8%BD%A6">蒸汽ç«è½¦</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2.功能拓展：木头能漂浮的功能进行拓展，å‘明木船。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3.功能类比：人类å‚考鸟的翅膀å‘明了飞机，å‚考鱼的结构å‘明了潜艇。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>ç»å…¸äº‹ä¾‹åˆ†æž</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6">çˆ±å› æ–¯å¦</a>å‘明<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA/48750" data-lemmaid="48750">相对论</a>：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">人å¯ä»¥çœ‹è§ä¸œè¥¿ï¼Œå› 为光照到东西上，然åŽå射进人的眼ç›ã€‚å‡å¦‚阳光照到钟表上，然åŽå射进人的眼ç›çš„那个时刻，人以<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F/363222" data-lemmaid="363222">光速</a>åŽé€€ï¼Œé‚£ä¹ˆåŽé¢çš„å…‰å°±æ— æ³•å†è¿›å…¥çœ¼ç›ï¼Œé‚£ä¹ˆäººçš„眼ç›å§‹ç»ˆçœ‹åˆ°çš„æ˜¯ç‰¹å®šæ—¶åˆ»çš„å…‰çº¿ï¼Œå› æ¤çœ‹åˆ°é’Ÿè¡¨çš„指针就ä¸èµ°äº†ï¼Œè€Œæ˜¯åœç•™åœ¨ç‰¹å®šçš„时刻，在æ¤ç†è®ºçš„åŸºç¡€ä¸Šï¼Œçˆ±å› æ–¯å¦æ出相对论。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">è¦ç‚¹ï¼šç¬¬ä¸€ï¼Œäº‹ç‰©çš„有些性质，åªæœ‰åœ¨ç‰¹æ®Šæƒ…况下æ‰èƒ½è¡¨çŽ°å‡ºæ¥ã€‚第二，å–æ好，选å–的是表现时间的钟表。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF/5463" data-lemmaid="5463">牛顿</a>å‘现<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%87%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B/6284" data-lemmaid="6284">万有引力</a>：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">牛顿ååœ¨è‹¹æžœæ ‘ä¸‹ï¼Œä¸€ä¸ªè‹¹æžœç ¸åˆ°ç‰›é¡¿çš„å¤´ä¸Šï¼Œç‰›é¡¿è§‰å¾—ä¸Šã€ä¸‹ã€å·¦ã€å³å››ä¸ªæ–¹å‘在空间上是平ç‰çš„，为什么苹果è¦å‘下掉，而ä¸å‘上掉，或å‘左掉，或å‘å³æŽ‰ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥è®¤ä¸ºå¤§åœ°å¸å¼•äº†è‹¹æžœã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">è¦ç‚¹ï¼šç¬¬ä¸€ï¼Œå„ç§å¹³ç‰é€‰æ‹©ä¸ï¼Œå°±ä¸€ä¸ªå¯èƒ½æˆä¸ºäº†äº‹å®žï¼Œé‚£ä¹ˆè‚¯å®šæœ‰æŸç§é€‰å–çš„åŽŸå› ã€‚ç¬¬äºŒï¼ŒæŽ’é™¤æ³•ï¼Œä½Žå¤´çŽ¯é¡¾å››å‘¨ï¼Œèƒ½å¸å¼•è‹¹æžœçš„åªæœ‰å¤§åœ°ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%88%B1%E8%BF%AA%E7%94%9F">爱迪生</a>å‘明ç¯æ³¡ï¼š</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">爱迪生为了选å–ç¯ä¸çš„æ料，实验了2000多ç§ç‰©è´¨ï¼Œå°±è¿žè‡ªå·±çš„头å‘ä¸éƒ½å®žéªŒäº†ï¼Œæœ€ç»ˆé€‰å–<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%92%A8%E4%B8%9D">é’¨ä¸</a>作为ç¯ä¸ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">è¦ç‚¹ï¼šæŽ’除法，把å„ç§å¯èƒ½çš„物质都åšå®žéªŒï¼Œç„¶åŽå†æŽ’除ä¸å¯ç”¨çš„。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>科å¦çš„沉æ€</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="3" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>天文å¦ä¸Žç‰©ç†å¦</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1.宇宙å˜åœ¨æœ‰æ„义</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">我们庆幸宇宙å¯ä»¥äº§ç”Ÿç”Ÿå‘½ï¼Œè€Œä¸”å¯ä»¥äº§ç”Ÿç¾Žå¥½çš„情感和生活，如果宇宙没有产生生命的功能，而且没有产生美好情感和生活的功能，那么这是多么å¯æ‚²çš„事情，而且宇宙的å˜åœ¨ä¹Ÿå°±æ²¡æœ‰æ„义了。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2.时间ã€ç©ºé—´ã€ç”Ÿå‘½</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">一个<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A5%87%E7%82%B9/82736" data-lemmaid="82736">奇点</a>äº§ç”Ÿä¸€ä¸ªå®‡å®™ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯åœ¨æ— é™å¤§çš„总空间里，å¯èƒ½ä¸æ¢ä¸€ä¸ªå¥‡ç‚¹ï¼Œé‚£ä¹ˆå°±ä¸æ¢ä¸€ä¸ªå®‡å®™ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">å¯†åº¦æ— é™å¤§çš„奇点为什么在æŸä¸€æ—¶åˆ»çªç„¶å½¢æˆå®‡å®™ï¼Ÿæ˜¯ä»€ä¹ˆæ ·çš„åŽŸå› ä¿ƒä½¿äº†è¿™ä¸€è¡Œä¸ºï¼Ÿæ˜¯<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E5%9B%A0">å†…å› </a>还是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%A0">å¤–å› </a>？这都是未解之谜。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">æ— é™å¤§çš„总空间的时间没有起点，也没有终点，那么æ¤æ—¶æ¤åˆ»ï¼Œå·²ç»ç»è¿‡äº†æ— é™å¹´ã€‚ç»è¿‡äº†æ— é™å¹´çš„æ¤æ—¶æ¤åˆ»ï¼Œè¿˜æœ‰ç”Ÿå‘½å˜åœ¨ï¼Œé‚£ä¹ˆå®‡å®™å¯èƒ½ä¸€ç›´éƒ½æœ‰ç”Ÿå‘½å˜åœ¨ï¼Œè€Œä¸”å·²ç»æœ‰æ— é™å¤šä¸ªç”Ÿå‘½å˜åœ¨è¿‡ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3.看到的一切都是过去</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">眼ç›çœ‹åˆ°ä¸€ä¸ªç‰©ä½“ï¼Œæ˜¯å› ä¸ºå…‰çº¿ç…§åˆ°è¯¥ç‰©ä½“ä¸Šï¼Œç„¶åŽå射到眼ç›é‡Œï¼Œå¯æ˜¯ï¼Œå…‰çº¿å射到眼ç›çš„过程ä¸ï¼Œç‰©è´¨åˆå‘生了å˜åŒ–。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：看è§10米外一个人æ£åœ¨å¼€æ±½è½¦ï¼Œå¯æ˜¯çœ¼ç›æŽ¥æ”¶åˆ°è¿™ä¸ªå射光的时候，å射所用的æžçŸæš‚的时间里，汽车å¯èƒ½åˆå‘å‰å¼€äº†å‡ 纳米，所以看到的景象其实是刚刚过去的景象。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">è·ç¦»è¶Šè¿œï¼Œå…‰å射消耗的时间越久，那么我们看到5米外的事物是过去的事物，而åŒæ—¶çœ‹åˆ°çš„10米外的事物则是过去的过去。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4.æ— è‰²çš„å®‡å®™</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">我们之所以å¯ä»¥çœ‹åˆ°é¢œè‰²ï¼Œæ˜¯å› 为特定<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%A2%E9%95%BF/829184" data-lemmaid="829184">波长</a>çš„å…‰å射到眼ç›é‡Œï¼Œè€Œç‰©è´¨æœ¬èº«æ˜¯æ²¡æœ‰é¢œè‰²çš„，我们看到的颜色åªæ˜¯å¤§è„‘对光的ä¸åŒæ³¢é•¿æ‰€å½¢æˆçš„ä¸åŒå应。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">5.组æˆä¸Žåˆ†è§£æ˜¯å¦æœ‰é™</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">我们看到的一切，或许åªæ˜¯æ›´å¤§ç©ºé—´ä¸æŸä¸ªç‰©è´¨çš„一部分，æ¤å¤–，质åå’Œä¸å在é‡å物ç†ä¸Šï¼Œä¹Ÿå¯ä»¥ç»§ç»åˆ†è§£ï¼Œæˆ–许：å‘å¤§è€Œè¨€ï¼Œæ— é™ç»„æˆï¼Œå‘å°è€Œè¨€ï¼Œæ— é™åˆ†è§£ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">ä¸åŒå±‚é¢ä¸Šï¼Œè§„则也ä¸åŒï¼Œå®è§‚çš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6/649603" data-lemmaid="649603">ç»å…¸åŠ›å¦</a>ç†è®ºåœ¨å¾®è§‚层é¢ï¼ˆé‡å层é¢ï¼‰å°±ä½œåºŸäº†ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">6.æ— é™çš„é‡å¤</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">åœ¨æ— é™å¤§ä¸ï¼Œå†å°çš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87">概率</a>（åªè¦ä¸æ˜¯æ— é™å°ï¼‰éƒ½æ˜¯æ— é™å¤§ã€‚ä¾‹å¦‚ï¼šæ— é™å¤§çš„ä¸€ä¸‡äº¿åˆ†ä¹‹ä¸€è¿˜æ˜¯æ— é™å¤§ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">é‚£ä¹ˆï¼šæ— é™å¤§çš„总空间ä¸ï¼ˆä¸æ˜¯åªæŒ‡ä¸€ä¸ªå¥‡ç‚¹äº§ç”Ÿçš„å®‡å®™ï¼‰ï¼Œæœ‰æ— é™å¤šä¸ªæ˜Ÿçƒï¼Œè¿™äº›æ˜Ÿçƒä¸ï¼Œæœ‰ç”Ÿå‘½çš„星çƒï¼ˆå¾ˆå°çš„æ¦‚çŽ‡ï¼‰ä¹Ÿæ˜¯æ— é™ä¸ªï¼Œæœ‰ç”Ÿå‘½çš„星çƒä¸ï¼Œæœ‰æ™ºèƒ½çš„ã€å››è‚¢çš„ã€ç›´ç«‹è¡Œèµ°çš„生物的星çƒï¼ˆå¾ˆå°çš„æ¦‚çŽ‡ï¼‰ä¹Ÿæœ‰æ— é™ä¸ªï¼Œè¿™äº›æ˜Ÿçƒä¸ï¼Œæœ‰å’Œäººç±»ä¸€æ ·ç”Ÿç‰©çš„星çƒï¼ˆå¾ˆå°çš„æ¦‚çŽ‡ï¼‰ä¹Ÿæ˜¯æ— é™ä¸ªï¼Œè¿™æ ·çš„星çƒä¸ï¼Œåœ°ç†ç»“构和地çƒä¸€æ ·çš„星çƒï¼ˆå¾ˆå°çš„æ¦‚çŽ‡ï¼‰ä¹Ÿæ˜¯æ— é™ä¸ªï¼Œä¸€ç›´æŽ¨ç†ä¸‹åŽ»ï¼Œåœ°ç†ç»“æž„ã€äººå£æ•°é‡å’Œç›¸è²Œï¼Œä¸€åˆ‡æ€§è´¨éƒ½å’Œåœ°çƒä¸€æ ·çš„星çƒï¼ˆå¾ˆå°çš„æ¦‚çŽ‡ï¼‰ä¹Ÿæœ‰æ— é™ä¸ªã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">7.物质与能é‡</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">我们认为的物质，本质å¯èƒ½å°±æ˜¯èƒ½é‡ï¼Œæ¯•ç«Ÿç‰©è´¨å¯ä»¥ä¸æ–的分解为更å°çš„组æˆæž„件，或许一直分解下去，最终å‘现就是能é‡ï¼Œæˆ–许两个物体相碰而å弹，åªæ˜¯ä¸¤è‚¡èƒ½é‡å½¼æ¤äº§ç”Ÿçš„斥力。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">8.物质与暗物质</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9A%97%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8/8666" data-lemmaid="8666">暗物质</a>也å¯èƒ½åˆç»„æˆä¸€ä¸ªä¸–界，å¯èƒ½æœ‰å¾ˆå¤šçš„星çƒï¼Œç”šè‡³å¯èƒ½æœ‰ç”Ÿå‘½ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">9.如果能用矛盾解释宇宙</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">å¦‚æžœèƒ½ç”¨çŸ›ç›¾è§£é‡Šå®‡å®™ï¼šä»»ä½•äº‹ç‰©éƒ½æœ‰çŸ›ç›¾ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼šæœ‰éžç”Ÿå‘½ï¼Œå°±è¦æœ‰ä¸Žä¹‹ç›¸å的事物：生命，有低ç‰ç”Ÿç‰©ï¼Œå°±è¦æœ‰ä¸Žä¹‹ç›¸å的事物：高ç‰ç”Ÿç‰©ã€‚有出生，就è¦æœ‰ä¸Žä¹‹ç›¸å的事物：é€ä¸–。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">10.一直è¿åŠ¨</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">è¿åŠ¨æ˜¯äº‹ç‰©çš„本质属性和å˜åœ¨æ–¹å¼ã€‚è¿åŠ¨æ˜¯ç»å¯¹çš„，而é™æ¢æ˜¯ç›¸å¯¹çš„。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">为什么宇宙ä¸è®©ä»»ä½•äº‹ç‰©ç»å¯¹çš„é™æ¢ä¸‹æ¥ï¼Ÿ</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>生命科å¦ä¸ŽåŒ»è¯</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1.Y染色体</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">男性为XY<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93">染色体</a>，女性为XXæŸ“è‰²ä½“ï¼Œå…¶å®žä¼ å®—æŽ¥ä»£çš„â€œé¦™ç«â€å°±æ˜¯YæŸ“è‰²ä½“ï¼Œå› ä¸ºï¼šç¬¬ä¸€ï¼ŒY染色体åªä¼ 男，ä¸ä¼ 女，第二，所有的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%90%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93">åŒæºæŸ“色体</a>都会å‘生<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%81%94%E4%BC%9A">è”会</a>（æ¥è‡ªçˆ¶æ–¹çš„染色体和æ¥è‡ªæ¯æ–¹çš„染色体交æ¢åŸºå› 片段），XX之间也会å‘生è”ä¼šï¼Œé‚£ä¹ˆæŸ“è‰²ä½“çš„åŸºå› å°±ä¼šæ”¹å˜ï¼Œåªæœ‰XY染色体之间ä¸ä¼šå‘生è”会，所以儿åçš„Y染色体和父亲的YæŸ“è‰²ä½“å®Œå…¨ä¸€æ ·ï¼Œè€Œçˆ¶äº²çš„Y染色体和爷爷的YæŸ“è‰²ä½“å®Œå…¨ä¸€æ ·ï¼Œè¿™ä¸ªå®¶æ—男性æˆå‘˜ä¸–世代代间，åªæœ‰Y染色体ä¸ä¼šå˜åŒ–。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2.æ‚åˆå</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%AF%E5%90%88%E5%AD%90">纯åˆå</a>：åŒæºæŸ“色体的ç‰ä½åŸºå› 都为显性（AA）或都为éšæ€§ï¼ˆaa），<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9D%82%E5%90%88%E5%AD%90">æ‚åˆå</a>：åŒæºæŸ“色体的ç‰ä½åŸºå› 一个为显性å¦ä¸€ä¸ªä¸ºéšæ€§ï¼ˆAa），æ‚åˆåä¸ï¼Œæ˜¾æ€§åŸºå› é®ç›–éšæ€§åŸºå› ，最终æ‚åˆå表现为显性，那么问题就出æ¥äº†ï¼Œæ˜¾æ€§åŸºå› æ€Žæ ·é®ç›–了éšæ€§åŸºå› ï¼Ÿå› ä¸ºæ˜¾æ€§åŸºå› è¡¨è¾¾çš„è›‹ç™½è´¨æ—¢æœ‰ç”Ÿç†åŠŸèƒ½ï¼Œåˆæœ‰æŠ‘制éšæ€§åŸºå› 所表达的蛋白质的功能。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3.生长å‘育与衰è€</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A7%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%9F%BA">氧自由基</a>导致人体衰è€ã€‚细胞的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93">线粒体</a>ä¸ï¼Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90/65645" data-lemmaid="65645">è´¨å</a>驱动<a target=_blank href="/item/ATP%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6">ATPåˆé…¶</a>产生<a target=_blank href="/item/ATP/16268" data-lemmaid="16268">ATP</a>，ATP就是人体的能é‡æ¥æºï¼Œä½¿äººä½“生长å‘育，质å相å的物质是电å（质å带æ£ç”µï¼Œç”µå带负电），生长å‘育相å的概念是衰è€ï¼Œçº¿ç²’体ä¸ç”µå链泄露，游离的电å结åˆæ°§æ°”分å，形æˆæ°§è‡ªç”±åŸºï¼Œä»Žè€Œä½¿äººä½“è¡°è€ã€‚å¯è§ï¼šè´¨å引å‘的物质使人生长å‘育，质å相å的物质（电å）引å‘的物质使人体衰è€ï¼Œæ°§æ°”ç»è¿‡<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8">细胞呼å¸</a>作用产生能é‡ç‰©è´¨ATP，使人生长å‘育，åŒæ—¶æ°§æ°”åˆæ˜¯å¯¼è‡´äººä½“è¡°è€çš„å› ç´ ï¼ˆæ°§æ°”å’Œç”µå结åˆå½¢æˆæ°§è‡ªç”±åŸºï¼‰ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4.生化å应的开关：酶</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">人体的生物化å¦ååº”å‡ ä¹Žéƒ½éœ€è¦é…¶çš„催化，所以通常而言，酶就是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94">生化å应</a>的开关。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">5.细胞之城</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">一个细胞如åŒä¸€ä¸ªåŸŽå¸‚，这个城市说å°å¾ˆå°ï¼ˆä½“积å°ï¼‰ï¼Œè¯´å¤§ä¹Ÿå¾ˆå¤§ï¼ˆå†…å«ç‰©å¤šï¼‰ã€‚细胞膜好比城墙，DNA好比æ出生产ç†è®ºçš„人，<a target=_blank href="/item/mRNA">mRNA</a>好比具体指挥生产的人，而<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93">æ ¸ç³–ä½“</a>好比生产工厂，tRNA好比生产原料的æ¬è¿å·¥ï¼Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">氨基酸</a>好比生产原料，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91">内质网</a>好比è¿è¾“å…¬å¸ï¼Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BD%93">高尔基体</a>å¥½æ¯”åŠ å·¥å…¬å¸ï¼Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93">线粒体</a>好比æ供能é‡çš„å‘电厂，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%A4%96%E6%B6%B2">细胞外液</a>好比城市之间的空地，血管好比城市之间的高速公路，è¿è¾“细胞呼å¸çš„原料<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%94/64782" data-lemmaid="64782">氧气</a>和细胞呼å¸çš„排泄物二氧化碳。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">6.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%AF%8A%E6%96%AD">åŸºå› è¯Šæ–</a>与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97/1713480" data-lemmaid="1713480">åŸºå› æ²»ç–—</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">åŸºå› è¯Šæ–：<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%8A%AF%E7%89%87">åŸºå› èŠ¯ç‰‡</a>技术å¯ä»¥å¿«é€Ÿè¯Šæ–åŸºå› ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">åŸºå› æ²»ç–—ï¼šæŠŠå¤–æºæ£å¸¸åŸºå› 导入<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9D%B6%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">é¶ç»†èƒž</a>ï¼Œä»¥çº æ£æˆ–è¡¥å¿åŸºå› 缺陷或异常导致的疾病。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%9D%B6%E5%90%91">åŸºå› é¶å‘</a>æŠ€æœ¯ï¼šæ¶ˆé™¤ç‰¹å®šçš„æœ‰å®³åŸºå› ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">7.åŸºå› å·¥ç¨‹åˆ¶é€ é…¶</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">åŸºå› è¡¨è¾¾è›‹ç™½è´¨ï¼Œè€Œé…¶å°±æ˜¯è›‹ç™½è´¨ï¼ˆ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B6">æ ¸é…¶</a>ä¾‹å¤–ï¼‰ï¼Œé€šè¿‡ç‰¹å®šçš„åŸºå› ï¼Œè¡¨è¾¾ç‰¹å®šçš„é…¶ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">8.化å¦åˆæˆä¸Žç”Ÿç‰©åˆ¶è¯</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">与化å¦åˆæˆä¸åŒï¼Œç”Ÿç‰©åˆ¶è¯æ˜¯åˆ©ç”¨ç”Ÿç‰©æ´»ä½“æ¥ç”Ÿäº§è¯ç‰©çš„方法，ç»å¤§å¤šæ•°æŠ—ç”Ÿç´ æ¥è‡ªå¾®ç”Ÿç‰©ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">9.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BD%AC%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF">è½¬åŸºå› æŠ€æœ¯</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">DNA片段被转入特定生物ä¸ï¼Œä¸Žå…¶æœ¬èº«çš„åŸºå› ç»„è¿›è¡Œé‡ç»„，å†ä»Žé‡ç»„体ä¸è¿›è¡Œæ•°ä»£çš„人工选育，从而获得具有稳定表现特定的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%8A%B6">é—ä¼ æ€§çŠ¶</a>的个体。该技术å¯ä»¥ä½¿é‡ç»„ç”Ÿç‰©å¢žåŠ äººä»¬æ‰€æœŸæœ›çš„æ–°æ€§çŠ¶ï¼ŒåŸ¹è‚²å‡ºæ–°å“ç§ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">10.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF">克隆技术</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">以克隆羊为例：å–出羊Açš„ä¹³è…ºç»†èƒžçš„ç»†èƒžæ ¸ï¼ŒæŠŠç¾ŠBçš„åµç»†èƒžçš„ç»†èƒžæ ¸åŽ»é™¤ï¼Œç„¶åŽæ”¾å…¥ç¾ŠAçš„ç»†èƒžæ ¸ï¼Œå½¢æˆæ—©æœŸ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E/612058" data-lemmaid="612058">胚胎</a>，放入C羊的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AB/17007" data-lemmaid="17007">å宫</a>，C羊生下的是A羊的å¤åˆ¶ä½“。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">11.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">干细胞</a>与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D">器官移æ¤</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">干细胞具有å†ç”Ÿå„ç§ç»„织器官和人体的潜在功能，将æ¥åˆ©ç”¨å¹²ç»†èƒžçš„分离和体外培养，在体外ç¹è‚²å‡ºç»„织或器官，并最终通过组织或器官移æ¤ï¼Œå®žçŽ°å¯¹ä¸´åºŠç–¾ç—…的治疗。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">12.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%95%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86%E6%8A%97%E4%BD%93">å•å…‹éš†æŠ—体</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">淋巴细胞</a>ä¸çš„<a target=_blank href="/item/B%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">B细胞</a>å¯ä»¥äº§ç”Ÿå•ä¸€çš„ã€ç‰¹å¼‚的抗体，但是ä¸èƒ½é•¿æœŸä½“外生å˜å’ŒåŸ¹å…»ï¼Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AB%93%E7%98%A4%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">骨髓瘤细胞</a>能长期在体外生å˜å’ŒåŸ¹å…»ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥æŠŠè¿™ä¸¤ç§ç»†èƒžèžåˆåœ¨ä¸€èµ·ï¼Œæ—¢å¯ä»¥äº§ç”ŸæŠ—体，åˆèƒ½é•¿æœŸä½“外生å˜å’ŒåŸ¹å…»ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">13.分解垃圾和处ç†æ±¡æ°´çš„细èŒ</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">é€šè¿‡åŸºå› å·¥ç¨‹ï¼Œç”Ÿäº§å…·æœ‰å¼ºåŠ›åˆ†è§£åžƒåœ¾å’Œå¤„ç†æ±¡æ°´çš„细èŒã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">æ¤å¤–ï¼Œç¾Žå›½åŠ å·žå¤§å¦æ´›æ‰çŸ¶åˆ†æ ¡2009å¹´12æœˆå®£å¸ƒæŠŠäºŒæ°§åŒ–ç¢³è½¬åŒ–ä¸ºæ¶²ä½“ç‡ƒæ–™çš„è½¬åŸºå› <a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%93%9D%E8%97%BB">è“è—»</a>，这ç§è“藻通过光åˆä½œç”¨ï¼ŒæŠŠäºŒæ°§åŒ–碳转化为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BC%82%E4%B8%81%E9%86%87">异ä¸é†‡</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">14.计算机模拟一些化å¦å应和一些化å¦å®žéªŒ</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">15.有机物的矛盾</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">给电åçš„<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%98%E8%83%BD%E5%9B%A2">官能团</a>与å¸ç”µå的官能团的矛盾，æ£æ€§åŸºå›¢ä¸Žè´Ÿæ€§åŸºå›¢çš„矛盾，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A2%B3%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6">碳骨架</a>的相对稳定和官能团的相对ä¸ç¨³å®šçš„矛盾。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">16.生化ååº”çš„å› æžœ</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">生化å应体现了哲å¦ä¸Šçš„å› æžœå…³ç³»ï¼Œååº”ç‰©æ˜¯åŽŸå› ï¼Œç”Ÿæˆç‰©æ˜¯ç»“果，而结果åˆå¯èƒ½ä½œä¸ºåŽŸå› （å应物），产生下一个结果（生æˆç‰©ï¼‰ï¼Œè¿™æ ·å°±ç»„æˆå› 果链。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>电åã€æœºæ¢°ã€å»ºç‘</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1.机器人替代人类的体力劳动</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">未æ¥æ™ºèƒ½æœºå™¨äººè´Ÿè´£é‡‡çŸ¿ã€ç”Ÿäº§ã€åŠ å·¥ã€è¿è¾“ã€å»ºç‘ã€æ¸…æ´ç‰ä½“力劳动，未æ¥æ¬ç –机器人完全自动化的æ¬ç –盖房，或者用电脑控制<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%81%A5%E6%8E%A7%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA">é¥æŽ§æœºå™¨äºº</a>æ¬ç –盖房。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%91%E7%94%B5%E6%B3%A2">脑电波</a>控制电脑</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">ä¸åŒçš„æ€ç»´äº§ç”Ÿä¸åŒçš„脑电æµï¼Œä¸åŒçš„脑电æµäº§ç”Ÿä¸åŒçš„脑电波，脑电波控制电脑，å–ä»£é”®ç›˜å’Œé¼ æ ‡ã€‚è¿™é¡¹æŠ€æœ¯å·²ç»å–得一些æˆæžœäº†ã€‚未æ¥äººç±»å¯ä»¥ç”¨<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%B5">æ„念</a>沟通：æ„念转化为脑电波，对方的接收器å†æŠŠè„‘ç”µæ³¢è½¬åŒ–ä¸ºå£°éŸ³ï¼Œä¼ åˆ°è€³æœºé‡Œã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3.电动且自动驾驶的汽车</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">这项技术已ç»å–得一些æˆæžœäº†ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4.空调æœ</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">未æ¥çš„空调æœï¼Œåƒå®‡èˆªå‘˜çš„è¡£æœï¼Œé™¤äº†å£éƒ¨å¤–，其它地方是密å°çš„ã€ä¸é€æ°”çš„ã€éš”çƒçš„，背åŽèƒŒçš„是åˆå°åˆè½»çš„空调，å¤å¤©å¯ä»¥ç©¿è¿™æ ·çš„è¡£æœé€›è¡—，厨师和炼钢工人最需è¦è¿™ç§è¡£æœã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">5.生æ€æ¥¼</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">分为：åœè½¦å±‚ã€å±…ä½å±‚ã€ç§æ¤å±‚ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%83%BD%E9%9D%A2%E6%9D%BF">太阳能é¢æ¿</a>层。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：1-5层是åœè½¦åœºï¼Œ6-20层是居ä½å±‚，21-40层ç§æ¤åº„稼，41-60层铺设太阳能é¢æ¿ã€‚庄稼层和太阳能é¢æ¿å±‚è¦æ±‚é€å…‰å¥½ï¼Œå› æ¤è¦åšæˆæ²¡æœ‰é®å…‰å¢™å£çš„ã€çŽ¯å½¢æˆ–æ¡å½¢çš„，以便在空隙间é€å…‰ã€‚未æ¥çš„城市和农æ‘完全一体化，ä¸å†æœ‰åŸŽå¸‚和农æ‘的区别。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>å«ä¹‰</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="4" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1.ä¼ ç»Ÿè®¤ä¸ºï¼Œç§‘å¦æ˜¯äººç±»æ‰€ç§¯ç´¯çš„关于自然ã€ç¤¾ä¼šã€æ€ç»´çš„知识体系。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2.我们所说的“科å¦â€æŒ‡ç ”究自然现象åŠå…¶è§„律的自然科å¦ï¼›æŠ€æœ¯æ³›æŒ‡æ ¹æ®è‡ªç„¶ç§‘å¦åŽŸç†ç”Ÿäº§å®žè·µç»éªŒï¼Œä¸ºæŸä¸€å®žé™…目的而ååŒç»„æˆçš„å„ç§å·¥å…·ã€è®¾å¤‡ã€æŠ€æœ¯å’Œå·¥è‰ºä½“系，但ä¸åŒ…括与社会科å¦ç›¸åº”的技术内容。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3.科å¦ä¸ŽæŠ€æœ¯æ˜¯è¾©è¯ç»Ÿä¸€ä½“，技术æ出课题，科å¦å®Œæˆè¯¾é¢˜ï¼Œç§‘å¦æ˜¯å‘现，是技术的ç†è®ºæŒ‡å¯¼ï¼›æŠ€æœ¯æ˜¯å‘明，是科å¦çš„实际è¿ç”¨ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">科å¦çš„æ„义：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯æ˜¯ç¬¬ä¸€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E5%8A%9B">生产力</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">放眼<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%96/5899058" data-lemmaid="5899058">å¤ä»Šä¸å¤–</a>，人类社会的æ¯ä¸€é¡¹è¿›æ¥ï¼Œéƒ½ä¼´éšç€ç§‘å¦æŠ€æœ¯çš„è¿›æ¥ã€‚尤其是现代科技的çªé£žçŒ›è¿›ï¼Œä¸ºç¤¾ä¼šç”Ÿäº§åŠ›å‘展和人类的文明开辟了更为广阔的空间，有力地推动了ç»æµŽå’Œç¤¾ä¼šçš„å‘展。ä¸å›½çš„计算机ã€é€šè®¯ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%BB%E8%8D%AF">生物医è¯</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%B0%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99">æ–°ææ–™</a>ç‰é«˜ç§‘技ä¼ä¸šçš„迅速增长，æžå¤§åœ°æ高了ä¸å›½çš„产业技术水平，促进了工业ã€å†œä¸šåŠ³åŠ¨ç”Ÿäº§çŽ‡å¤§å¹…度æ高，有力地带动了整个国民ç»æµŽçš„å‘展。实践è¯æ˜Žï¼Œé«˜æ–°æŠ€æœ¯åŠå…¶äº§ä¸šå·²ç»æˆä¸ºå½“代ç»æµŽå‘展的龙头产业。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯æ˜¯äººç±»æ–‡æ˜Žçš„æ ‡å¿—ã€‚ç§‘å¦æŠ€æœ¯çš„è¿›æ¥å’Œæ™®åŠï¼Œä¸ºäººç±»æ供了广æ’ã€ç”µè§†ã€ç”µå½±ã€å½•åƒã€ç½‘络ç‰ä¼ æ’æ€æƒ³æ–‡åŒ–的新手段，使精神文明建设有了新的载体。åŒæ—¶ï¼Œå®ƒå¯¹äºŽä¸°å¯Œäººä»¬çš„精神生活</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:220px; float: right;">
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href="/pic/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF/3348043/0/8b82b9014a90f603eef5c1f43912b31bb051ed38?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
title="计算机科å¦" style="width:220px;height:161px;">
<img class="lazy-img" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAMAAAAoyzS7AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRF9fX1AAAA0VQI3QAAAAxJREFUeNpiYAAIMAAAAgABT21Z4QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://gss1.bdstatic.com/-vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=4f6366771bd5ad6eaef963e8b1ca39a3/8b82b9014a90f603eef5c1f43912b31bb051ed38.jpg" alt="计算机科å¦" style="width:220px;height:161px;"/>
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<span class="description">
计算机科å¦
</span>
</div>，更新人们的æ€æƒ³è§‚å¿µï¼Œç ´é™¤<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BF%B7%E4%BF%A1/1019568" data-lemmaid="1019568">è¿·ä¿¡</a>ç‰å…·æœ‰é‡è¦æ„义。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯çš„è¿›æ¥å·²ç»ä¸ºäººç±»åˆ›é€ 了巨大的物质财富和精神财富。éšç€çŸ¥è¯†ç»æµŽæ—¶ä»£çš„到æ¥ï¼Œç§‘å¦æŠ€æœ¯æ°¸æ— æ¢å¢ƒçš„å‘展åŠå…¶æ— é™çš„åˆ›é€ åŠ›ï¼Œå¿…å®šè¿˜ä¼šç»§ç»ä¸ºäººç±»æ–‡æ˜Žä½œå‡ºæ›´åŠ 巨大的贡献。éšç€çŽ°ä»£ç§‘å¦æŠ€æœ¯çŸ¥è¯†ä½“系的ä¸æ–庞大，作为科å¦æŠ€æœ¯å˜åŒ–ã€å‘展最高ç†è®ºæ¦‚括的科å¦æŠ€æœ¯å“²å¦ï¼ˆ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%BE%A8%E8%AF%81%E6%B3%95">自然辨è¯æ³•</a>）对现代科å¦æŠ€æœ¯çš„能动的å作用日益凸显，现代科å¦æŠ€æœ¯æ—¥ç›Šç¤¾ä¼šåŒ–ã€ä½“系化和å¤æ‚化都使得科å¦æŠ€æœ¯å¿…须纳入到哲å¦çš„视域ä¸è€ƒå¯Ÿï¼Œå“²å¦ä¹Ÿå°±è‡ªç„¶å¯¹ç§‘å¦ç ”究和工程技术实践具有普é的指导作用，以往的那ç§æŠŠå“²å¦æŽ’斥到科å¦æŠ€æœ¯ä¹‹å¤–的观点应该得到更æ£ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">科å¦ä¸ŽæŠ€æœ¯ä¹‹é—´çš„å…³ç³»å› åŽ†å²æ—¶æœŸè€Œä¸åŒï¼Œä»ŽæŠ€æœ¯é¢†å…ˆåˆ°ç§‘å¦é¢†å…ˆå‘展，从技术与科å¦åˆ†ç¦»åˆ°ç§‘å¦ä¸ŽæŠ€æœ¯ç²¾å¯†ç»“åˆï¼ŒçŽ°ä»£ç§‘技的å‘å±•æ›´åŠ ä½¿ç§‘å¦çš„åŸºç¡€ç ”ç©¶ä¸ŽæŠ€æœ¯çš„åº”ç”¨å¼€å‘之间的时间缩çŸï¼Œå°¤å…¶ç³»ç»Ÿç§‘å¦çš„诞生，导致了自动化ã€è®¡ç®—机ã€é€šè®¯æŠ€æœ¯ä»Žç§‘技到产业化的迅速转化，而系统科å¦åº”用于生物医å¦åˆå¯¼è‡´äº†ç³»ç»Ÿç”Ÿç‰©å¦ä¸Žåˆæˆç”Ÿç‰©å¦ä¹‹é—´å¶åˆï¼Œå°†è¿…速导致系统医å¦ä¸Žç³»ç»Ÿç”Ÿç‰©å·¥ç¨‹çš„应用，从而导致个体化医å¦ã€è½¬åŒ–医å¦ä¸ŽåŒ»ç–—工程化系统的生物医å¦ä¸Žç”Ÿç‰©<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD">工业é©å‘½</a>，使科å¦æŠ€æœ¯è¶Šæ¥è¶Šå‡¸æ˜¾ä¸ºç¤¾ä¼šç»æµŽå‘展的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E5%8A%9B">生产力</a>。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80">现代科技</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">人类的知识将会大大的增长，到2018，我们想ä¸åˆ°çš„æ–°å‘æ˜Žå°†ä¼šå±¡å±¡å‡ºçŽ°ã€‚æˆ‘æœ‰æ—¶å‡ ä¹ŽåŽæ‚”我出生得过早，ä¸èƒ½çŸ¥é“å°†è¦å‘生的一些事情。——本æ°æ˜ŽÂ·<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AF%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97">富兰克林</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AB%98%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80">高科技</a>å°±åƒæ²Ÿé€šçŽ°å®žä¸Žæœªæ¥çš„使者，引导人们ä¸æ–开拓å‘展的空间，走å‘的具有活力的新世界。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">以信æ¯æŠ€æœ¯ä¸ºä¸å¿ƒçš„当代科技é©å‘½åœ¨å…¨çƒè“¬å‹ƒå…´èµ·ï¼Œæ ‡å¿—ç€äººç±»ä»Žå·¥ä¸šç¤¾ä¼šå‘ä¿¡æ¯ç¤¾ä¼šçš„历å²æ€§è·¨è¶Šã€‚ä¿¡æ¯æŠ€æœ¯åŒ…括<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF/3683308" data-lemmaid="3683308">微电å技术</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%89%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF">光电å技术</a>ã€è®¡ç®—机技术ã€é€šä¿¡æŠ€æœ¯ã€æˆåƒæŠ€æœ¯ã€æ˜¾ç¤ºæŠ€æœ¯ç‰ã€‚自20世纪90年代以æ¥ï¼Œä¿¡æ¯æŠ€æœ¯å‘æ•°å—化ã€é«˜é€ŸåŒ–ã€ç½‘络化ã€é›†æˆåŒ–和智能化迅速å‘展。它的高速å‘展åŠå…¶å¹¿æ³›åº”用，引导ç€ä¼—多高新技术领域的å˜é©ï¼Œå½¢æˆäº†ä¸€å¹…波澜壮阔的科技创新画é¢ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>主è¦ç§‘å¦å®¶</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="5" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF">艾è¨å…‹Â·ç‰›é¡¿</a>（1642ï¼1727）英国科å¦å®¶ï¼Œè¿‘代物ç†å¦çš„å¥ åŸºäººï¼Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B/316252" data-lemmaid="316252">牛顿第一定律</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%87%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B/101452" data-lemmaid="101452">万有引力定律</a>ç‰å‘现影å“深远。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%97%A8%E5%AD%90">维尔纳·冯·西门å</a>（1816ï¼1892）德国工程å¦å®¶ã€ä¼ä¸šå®¶ï¼›ç”µåŠ¨æœºã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E6%9C%BA">å‘电机</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%89%E8%BD%A8%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6">有轨电车</a>和指å—é’ˆå¼<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%B5%E6%8A%A5%E6%9C%BA">电报机</a>çš„å‘明人，改进过<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BA%95%E7%94%B5%E7%BC%86">海底电缆</a>，æ出<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B3%E7%82%89%E7%82%BC%E9%92%A2%E6%B3%95">平炉炼钢法</a>，é©æ–°äº†ç‚¼é’¢å·¥è‰ºï¼Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A5%BF%E9%97%A8%E5%AD%90/25878" data-lemmaid="25878">西门å</a>å…¬å¸åˆ›å§‹äººã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%E9%80%8A">约瑟夫·约翰·汤姆逊</a>（1856—1940）英国物ç†å¦å®¶ã€‚1897å‘现物质结构的第一ç§åŸºæœ¬ç²’å一电å。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AF%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF">富尔顿</a>（1765—1815）美国å‘明家。1807年，富尔顿制æˆè’¸æ±½æ±½èˆ¹ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E7%AB%8B%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E8%8C%A8">å¡å°”·弗里特立奇·本茨</a>（1844一1929）德国工程师。1868年，制æˆä¸–界上第一辆三轮<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E7%87%83%E6%9C%BA">内燃机</a>汽车。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BC%8F%E6%89%93">ä¼æ‰“</a>（1745ï¼1829）æ„大利物ç†å¦å®¶ã€‚1800年，他制æˆ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BC%8F%E6%89%93%E7%94%B5%E5%A0%86">ä¼æ‰“ç”µå †</a>，ä¸ä¹…åˆå‘明<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BC%8F%E6%89%93%E7%94%B5%E6%B1%A0">ä¼æ‰“ç”µæ± </a>，使人们第一次获得了稳定而æŒç»çš„电æµã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%BC%E8%80%83%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98">尼考罗斯·奥å¤æ–¯ç‰¹Â·å¥¥æ‰˜</a>（1832一1891）德国工程师。1876年，制æˆç¬¬ä¸€å°å››å†²ç¨‹å¾ªçŽ¯çš„煤气内燃机。使汽车和其åŽé£žæœºçš„问世æˆä¸ºå¯èƒ½ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%88%B4%E5%A7%86%E5%8B%92">戴姆勒</a>（1834一1900）德国机械工程师。1883年制æˆçš„第一å°æ±½æ²¹æœºï¼Œ1886å¹´åˆåˆ¶æˆä¸–界上第一辆四轮内燃机汽车。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%A3%AE%E6%96%AF">塔尔科特·帕森斯</a>（1854—1931）英国å‘明家。1884年制æˆç¬¬ä¸€å°å¤šçº§å动å¼<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%AE%E6%9C%BA">汽轮机</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%8B%84%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94">é²é“夫·狄塞尔</a>（1858ï¼1913）德国工程师。1897å¹´åˆ¶é€ äº†ç¬¬ä¸€å°æŸ´æ²¹æœºã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B4%9D%E5%A1%9E%E9%BA%A6">è´å¡žéº¦</a>（1813—1898）英国工程师。1856å¹´å‘明转炉炼钢法。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E8%BF%AA%E7%94%9F">托马斯·阿尔瓦·爱迪生</a>（1847—1931）美国å‘明家。他一生完æˆ1300多项å‘明，对人类产生了巨大影å“。1897年，他æˆåŠŸåœ°ç ”制出<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%99%BD%E7%82%BD%E7%81%AF">白炽ç¯</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF">莫尔斯</a>（1791—1872）美国å‘明家。1837年，å‘明<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%B5%E6%8A%A5%E6%9C%BA">电报机</a>，1844å¹´5月24日，æ‹å‘出世界上第一å°ç”µæŠ¥ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94">亚历山大·è´å°”</a>（1847—1922）美国å‘明家。1876å¹´å‘明电è¯ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%E5%B0%BC">伽利尔摩·马å¯å°¼</a>（1874—1937）æ„大利工程师。1895å¹´å‘æ˜Žæ— çº¿ç”µæŠ¥ã€‚1899å¹´3月28日，他æˆåŠŸåœ°å®žçŽ°äº†<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1">æ— çº¿ç”µé€šä¿¡</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E6%81%A9%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94">阿尔弗雷德·è´æ©å“ˆå¾·Â·è¯ºè´å°”</a>（1833ï¼1896）瑞典化å¦å®¶<a class="lemma-album layout-right nslog:10000206" title="20世纪科å¦å·¨åŒ çˆ±å› æ–¯å¦" href="/pic/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF/3348043/17139153/a75fb6d3f179d30d970a1684?fr=lemma&ct=cover" target="_blank" style="width:178px;" nslog-type="10000206">
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20世纪科å¦å·¨åŒ çˆ±å› æ–¯å¦<span class="number">(2å¼ )</span>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">工程师和实业家。1866年，诺è´å°”制æˆäº†å®‰å…¨ç‚¸è¯ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”创立了<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%96">诺è´å°”奖</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B">马克斯·普朗克</a>(1858.4.23.―1947.10.3.)德国物ç†å¦å®¶ï¼Œé‡å物ç†å¦çš„å¼€åˆ›è€…å’Œå¥ åŸºäººï¼Œ1918年诺è´å°”物ç†å¦å¥–的获得者。从æ¤ç»“æŸäº†ç»å…¸ç‰©ç†å¦ä¸€ç»Ÿå¤©ä¸‹çš„å±€é¢ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6">é˜¿å°”ä¼¯ç‰¹Â·çˆ±å› æ–¯å¦</a>（Albert Einstein，1879å¹´3月14æ—¥-1955å¹´4月18日）举世闻å德裔美国科å¦å®¶ï¼Œä¸º<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA">犹太人</a>，现代物ç†å¦çš„å¼€åˆ›è€…å’Œå¥ åŸºäººï¼Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA/48750" data-lemmaid="48750">相对论</a>ã€â€œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B4%A8%E8%83%BD%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB">质能关系</a>â€çš„æ出者，“决定论<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6">é‡å力å¦</a>è¯ é‡Šâ€çš„æå«è€…（振动的粒å）——ä¸æŽ·éª°å的上å¸ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89">å°¼å¤æ‹‰Â·ç‰¹æ–¯æ‹‰</a>（Nikola Tesla，1856å¹´ï¼1943年），1856å¹´7月10日出生，是世界知åçš„å‘明家ã€æœºæ¢°å·¥ç¨‹å¸ˆå’Œç”µæœºå·¥ç¨‹å¸ˆã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9">詹姆斯·瓦特</a>（James Watt，1736å¹´1月19日—1819å¹´8月19日）是英国著åçš„å‘明家，是工业é©å‘½æ—¶çš„é‡è¦äººç‰©ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="分类" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>分类</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="6" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>生物技术</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">生物技术<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="1" data-ctrmap=":1,">
[1]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[1]_185129"> </a>
，在20世纪得到空å‰çš„å‘展，特别是DNAåŒèžºæ—‹ç»“æž„çš„å‘现和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92">äººç±»åŸºå› ç»„è®¡åˆ’</a>的实施，更使得生物技术æˆä¸º21世纪高新科技的主æµã€‚由于生物技术能够æç¤ºç”Ÿç‰©æž„é€ å’Œé—ä¼ çš„ç§˜å¯†ï¼Œå¯¹äºŽä¿ƒè¿›äººå£ä¸Žå¥åº·ã€å†œä¸šé«˜æ–°æŠ€æœ¯ã€ç”Ÿæ€çŽ¯å¢ƒã€é£Ÿå“和化å¦å·¥ä¸šç‰é¢†åŸŸçš„å‘展具有é‡å¤§ä½œç”¨ï¼Œå› 而具有广阔的å‘展å‰æ™¯ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>空间技术</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF/1255929" data-lemmaid="1255929">空间技术</a>，是探索ã€å¼€å‘和利用太空åŠåœ°çƒä»¥å¤–天体的综åˆæ€§å·¥ç¨‹æŠ€æœ¯<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="2" data-ctrmap=":2,">
[2]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[2]_185129"> </a>
。人类进入空间，在那里进行科å¦ç ”究，开å‘æ— é™çš„空间资æºï¼Œå®šå±…ã€æ—…游，以致建立起空间文明，这一直是人类的梦想。实现这一梦想，将ä¾èµ–于空间技术的进æ¥ã€‚è¿‘åŠä¸ªä¸–纪以æ¥ï¼Œéšç€èˆªå¤©æŠ€æœ¯çš„å‘展和å„ç§åº”用å«æ˜Ÿçš„广泛应用，人类开创了å«æ˜Ÿé€šä¿¡ã€å«æ˜Ÿå¹¿æ’ã€å«æ˜Ÿæ°”象ã€å«æ˜Ÿå¯¼èˆªã€å«æ˜Ÿå‹˜æµ‹å’Œç©ºé—´ç§‘å¦ã€å†›äº‹åº”用ç‰å‰æ‰€æœªæœ‰çš„新领域空间技术的å‘展对于广æ’电视ã€è¿œè·ç¦»é€šä¿¡ã€æ°”象预报ã€èµ„æºæ™®æŸ¥ã€å¯¼èˆªå®šä½ã€å†œä¸šç”Ÿäº§ã€æ•‘æ´æ•‘ç¾ã€çŽ¯å¢ƒç›‘测和科å¦ç ”究，å‘æŒ¥äº†ä¼ ç»Ÿæ–¹å¼æ— 法达到的效益和作用。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>哲å¦</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">是关于世界观的å¦è¯´ï¼Œæ˜¯äººä»¬å¯¹äºŽæ•´ä¸ªä¸–界包括自然界ã€ç¤¾ä¼šå’Œæ€ç»´çš„æ ¹æœ¬è§‚ç‚¹çš„ä½“ç³»ï¼Œæ˜¯è‡ªç„¶çŸ¥è¯†å’Œç¤¾ä¼šçŸ¥è¯†çš„æœ€é«˜æ¦‚æ‹¬å’Œæ€»ç»“ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="自然科å¦ç±»" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>自然科å¦ç±»</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6"><b>æ•°å¦</b></a>：数å¦çš„ç ”ç©¶å¯¹è±¡æ˜¯çŽ°å®žä¸–ç•Œä¸çš„æ•°é‡å…³ç³»ä¸Žç©ºé—´å½¢å¼ã€‚ç ”ç©¶æ•°é‡å…³ç³»æˆ–数的部分属于代数å¦èŒƒå›´ï¼Œç ”究空间形å¼æˆ–å½¢çš„éƒ¨åˆ†å±žäºŽå‡ ä½•å¦èŒƒå›´ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6"><b>物ç†å¦</b></a>：物ç†å¦åŽŸæ˜¯è‡ªç„¶ç§‘å¦çš„总称。由于物质和能é‡æ˜¯è‡ªç„¶ç•Œçš„基本组æˆè¦ç´ ，物ç†å¦å°±æ˜¯ç ”究自然界的物质结构和能é‡å˜åŒ–的科å¦ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6"><b>化å¦</b></a>ï¼šæ˜¯ç ”ç©¶å„ç§å…·ä½“物质的性质ã€ç»„æˆå’Œç»“构，以åŠåœ¨ç‰¹å®šæ¡ä»¶ä¸‹å®ƒä»¬æ‰€å‘生的å应和å˜åŒ–的自然科å¦ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6"><b>天文å¦</b></a>：天文å¦æ˜¯ç ”究天体的è¿åŠ¨å’Œæ€§è´¨çš„科å¦ã€‚å¹¿è€Œè¨€ä¹‹ï¼Œå®ƒç ”ç©¶å®‡å®™çš„ç‰©è´¨ç»“æž„å’Œèƒ½é‡å˜åŒ–。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%B0%E5%AD%A6"><b>地å¦</b></a>：地å¦æ˜¯åœ°ç†å¦çš„简称，包括地ç†å¦å’Œåœ°è´¨å¦ä¸¤ä¸ªå¦ç§‘。地ç†å¦æ˜¯ç ”究地çƒè¡¨é¢å³äººç±»ç”Ÿå˜åœ¨å…¶ä¸çš„地ç†çŽ¯å¢ƒçš„科å¦ï¼Œä¸»è¦æŽ¢ç´¢åœ°çƒè¡¨é¢è‡ªç„¶å’Œç»æµŽåœ°ç†è¦ç´ 的分布规律和空间关系，有自然地ç†ã€äººæ–‡åœ°ç†ã€éƒ¨é—¨åœ°ç†ã€åŒºåŸŸåœ°ç†ç‰åˆ†æ”¯å¦ç§‘。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6"><b>生物å¦</b></a>ï¼šæ˜¯ç ”ç©¶æœ‰ç”Ÿå‘½çš„ç‰©è´¨çš„äº§ç”Ÿã€å‘展åŠè§„律的科å¦ã€‚å¤§ä½“ä¸Šåˆ†ä¸ºç ”ç©¶åŠ¨ç‰©ç”Ÿæ´»ä¹ æ€§çš„åŠ¨ç‰©å¦å’Œç ”究æ¤ç‰©ä¹ 性的æ¤ç‰©å¦ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6"><b>医å¦</b></a>：是以ä¿æŠ¤å’Œå¢žè¿›äººç±»å¥åº·ã€é¢„é˜²å’Œæ²»ç–—ç–¾ç—…ä¸ºç ”ç©¶å¯¹è±¡çš„ç§‘å¦ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6"><b>农业科å¦</b></a>：农业科å¦æ˜¯ç ”究农业生产ç†è®ºå’ŒæŠ€æœ¯çš„科å¦ï¼ŒåŒ…æ‹¬ä½œç‰©æ ½åŸ¹ã€è‚²ç§ã€åœŸå£¤ã€æ°”象ã€è‚¥æ–™ã€å†œä¸šç—…虫害ç‰ï¼Œè¿˜å¯ä»¥åŒ…括林业ã€ç•œç‰§å’Œæ°´äº§ä¸šã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6"><b>能æºç§‘å¦</b></a>：能æºç§‘å¦æ˜¯ç ”究å„ç§èƒ½æºçŽ°è±¡åŠèƒ½æºçš„勘探ã€å¼€å‘和利用规律的科å¦ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6"><b>环境科å¦</b></a>ï¼šæ˜¯è¿‘å‡ åå¹´å‘展起æ¥çš„新兴综åˆç§‘å¦ï¼Œä¸»è¦ç ”究人类环境质é‡åŠä¿æŠ¤å’Œæ”¹å–„，领域å分广泛，ä¸ä»…包括å„ç§è‡ªç„¶å› ç´ ï¼Œä¹ŸåŒ…æ‹¬äº†ä¸€å®šçš„ç¤¾ä¼šå› ç´ ã€‚è¿™é—¨å¦ç§‘以生æ€å¦å’Œåœ°çƒåŒ–å¦ä¸ºä¸»è¦ç†è®ºåŸºç¡€ï¼Œå¹¶å……分利用化å¦ã€ç”Ÿç‰©å¦ã€ç‰©ç†å¦ã€åœ°å¦ã€åŒ»å¦ã€å·¥ç¨‹å¦ç‰å„领域的科å¦çŸ¥è¯†å’ŒæŠ€æœ¯ï¼Œå¯¹äººç±»æ´»åŠ¨å¼•èµ·çš„空气ã€æ°´ã€åœŸåœ°ç‰çŽ¯å¢ƒé—®é¢˜è¿›è¡Œç³»ç»Ÿçš„ç ”ç©¶ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>人文科å¦ç±»</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6/1697" data-lemmaid="1697"><b>政治å¦</b></a>ï¼šæ˜¯ä¸€é—¨ç³»ç»Ÿç ”ç©¶å›½å®¶å¦è¯´ï¼Œæ”¿æ²»ç†è®ºã€æ”¿æ²»åˆ¶åº¦å’Œæ”¿æ²»æ€æƒ³çš„科å¦ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6"><b>ç»æµŽå¦</b></a>ï¼šæ˜¯ç ”ç©¶ç‰©è´¨èµ„æ–™çš„ç”Ÿäº§ã€äº¤æ¢ã€åˆ†é…与消费ç‰è¿‡ç¨‹ä¸çš„ç»æµŽå…³ç³»å’Œç»æµŽæ´»åŠ¨è§„律åŠå…¶åº”用的科å¦ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%AD%A6"><b>军事å¦</b></a>ï¼šæ˜¯ç ”ç©¶æˆ˜äº‰å’Œæˆ˜äº‰æŒ‡å¯¼è§„å¾‹ä»¥åŠå†›é˜Ÿå»ºè®¾è§„律的科å¦ï¼Œåˆç§°<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6">军事科å¦</a>。军事å¦åˆ†ä¸ºç†è®ºç§‘å¦å’ŒæŠ€æœ¯ç§‘å¦ä¸¤ä¸ªéƒ¨ç±»ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6/23558" data-lemmaid="23558"><b>法å¦</b></a>：是法律科å¦çš„ç®€ç§°ï¼Œå®ƒæ˜¯ä¸€é—¨ä»¥æ³•å¾‹ä¸ºç ”ç©¶å¯¹è±¡çš„å¤è€è€Œåˆç‹¬ç«‹çš„社会科å¦åˆ†æ”¯ã€‚它主è¦ç ”究法律的本质ã€å½¢å¼ã€ç‰¹ç‚¹å’Œä½œç”¨ï¼›æ³•å¾‹çš„产生ã€å‘展和消ç的规律；法律的范围ã€åˆ¶å®šå’Œæ‰§è¡Œç‰å†…容。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%AD%A6"><b>文艺å¦</b></a>：文艺å¦æ˜¯æ–‡å¦ä¸Žè‰ºæœ¯çš„ç»Ÿç§°ã€‚ç ”ç©¶æ–‡è‰ºçš„å„ç§çŽ°è±¡ï¼Œä»Žè€Œé˜æ˜Žå…¶åŸºæœ¬è§„律åŠåŸºæœ¬åŽŸç†çš„科å¦ï¼Œç§°ä¸ºæ–‡è‰ºå¦ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6"><b>历å²å¦</b></a>ï¼šæ˜¯ç ”ç©¶ã€é˜è¿°äººç±»ç¤¾ä¼šå‘展过程åŠå…¶è§„律å¦ç§‘。它包括对从å¤åˆ°21世纪人类社会的ã€åˆ†æœŸçš„æˆ–åˆ†ç±»çš„ç ”ç©¶ï¼ˆå¦‚äººç±»ç¤¾ä¼šå‘展简å²ã€ä¸–ç•Œå„国å²ã€æ°‘æ—å²åŠé€šå²ã€æ–代å²ã€ä¸“é—¨å²ï¼‰ï¼ŒåŠä»¥é˜è¿°åŽ†å²å¦çš„一般原ç†ä¸Žæ–¹æ³•çš„å²å¦æ¦‚念，探讨历å²å¦æœ¬èº«çš„å‘展历å²çš„å²å¦å²ï¼Œç ”究å²æ–™åŠå…¶åˆ©ç”¨æ–¹æ³•çš„å²ç§‘å¦ç‰ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6"><b>考å¤å¦</b></a>：是一门以实物å²æ–™ä¸ºç ”究对象ã€æŽ¢è®¨äººç±»åŽ†å²çš„科å¦ï¼Œå®ƒå±žäºŽåŽ†å²å¦çš„一个部门。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6/3632" data-lemmaid="3632"><b>è¯è¨€å¦</b></a>ï¼šæ˜¯ç ”ç©¶è¯è¨€çŽ°è±¡å’Œè¯è¨€è§„律的科å¦ã€‚它是从实践ä¸æ¦‚括ã€æ€»ç»“出æ¥çš„è¯è¨€ç†è®ºã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="6_6" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
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<a name="高新科技类" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>高新科技类</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%81%A5%E6%84%9F%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><b>é¥æ„ŸæŠ€æœ¯</b></a>：这是本世纪60年代蓬勃å‘展起æ¥çš„一门综åˆæ€§æŽ¢æµ‹æŠ€æœ¯ï¼Œå®ƒä»Žé¥è¿œçš„地方去感觉è¿åŠ¨ç€çš„ç‰©è´¨çš„æ˜ è±¡ï¼Œå€ŸåŠ©ä¸“é—¨çš„å…‰å¦ã€ç”µåå¦å’Œç”µåå…‰å¦æŽ¢æµ‹ä»ªå™¨ï¼ŒæŠŠé¥è¿œçš„物体所è¾å°„（或å射）的电ç£æ³¢ä¿¡å·æŽ¥å—记录下æ¥ï¼Œå†ç»è¿‡åŠ 工处ç†ï¼Œå˜æˆäººçœ¼å¯ä»¥ç›´æŽ¥è¯†åˆ«çš„图åƒï¼Œä»Žè€Œæ示出所探测物体的性质和å˜åŒ–规律。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B6%85%E5%AF%BC%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><b>超导技术</b></a>：利用超导电æ料的独特性质进行科å¦ç ”究和实际应用的技术，称为超导技术。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF/3683308" data-lemmaid="3683308"><b>微电å技术</b></a>：è¿ç”¨ç”µåå¦åŸºæœ¬è§„å¾‹ï¼Œç ”ç©¶å„ç§ç”µå元件ã€å™¨ä»¶è®¾å¤‡å’Œç³»ç»Ÿï¼Œå¹¿æ³›åœ°åº”用于国民ç»æµŽã€å›½é˜²åŠç§‘å¦æŠ€æœ¯å„个领域的应用技术，就是电å技术。而微电å技术则是电å技术的微型化å‘展技术。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF"><b>微波通讯</b></a>：微波通常指波长从0.3米到10-3米，频率从109赫兹到3x11-11赫兹的电ç£æ³¢ã€‚利用微波的性质å¯ä»¥åˆ¶æˆä½“积å°ã€æ–¹å‘性æžé«˜çš„天线系统，进行远è·ç¦»é€šè®¯ã€‚微波å¯ä»¥æ¯«æ— 阻ç¢åœ°ç©¿è¿‡ç”µç¦»å±‚，通讯质é‡è¿œé«˜äºŽçŸæ³¢ï¼Œä¸ºå®‡å®™é€šä¿¡ã€å¯¼èˆªã€å®šä½ä»¥åŠå°„电天文å¦çš„ç ”ç©¶å’Œå‘展æ供了广阔的å‰æ™¯ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B6%85%E5%A3%B0%E6%B3%A2%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><b>超声波技术</b></a>：超声波指频率超出音频范围的振动波。超声波技术æˆä¸ºç ”究超声波在生产技术ä¸çš„应用以åŠæœ‰å…³é‡åº¦æŠ€æœ¯å’Œä»ªå™¨è®¾å¤‡çš„专门领域。利用超声波在气体ã€æ¶²ä½“ã€å›ºä½“ä¸ä¼ æ’速度的å˜åŒ–，å¯ä»¥æ£€æµ‹å‡ºææ–™ä¸å˜åœ¨çš„缺陷，它用于探测时，除了没有x射线探测带æ¥çš„è¾å°„å±å®³å¤–，还å¯ä»¥é€è§†å¾—更清晰ã€æ›´æ·±å…¥ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD/9180" data-lemmaid="9180"><b>人工智能</b></a>：是利用电å计算机模拟人类智力活动的一项科å¦æŠ€æœ¯ã€‚å…¶ç ”ç©¶æˆæžœä¸»è¦ä½“现在电å计算机和机器人的进æ¥ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>多维空间技术</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%B4%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF/5937036" data-lemmaid="5937036">多维空间技术</a>，其基点是认为空间是多维的。德国物ç†å¦å®¶å·´å…‹å“ˆå¾·Â·æµ·å§†æ出，如果宇宙ä¸å˜åœ¨æ›´å¤šç©ºé—´ç»´æ•°ï¼Œé£žèˆ¹åˆ™å¯ä»¥ç©¿è¡Œå…¶ä¸ï¼Œå®žçŽ°æžç«¯é€Ÿåº¦ã€‚<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="3" data-ctrmap=":3,">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>作用</h2>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>ç»æµŽå‘展</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">ä¸å›½çš„劳动生产率åªæœ‰å‘达国家的1/40。科å¦æŠ€æœ¯ä¸€æ—¦è½¬åŒ–为生产力将æžå¤§åœ°æ高生产效率，从而推动ç»æµŽå¿«é€Ÿå‘展，其作用大大超过了资金ã€åŠ³åŠ¨åŠ›å¯¹ç»æµŽçš„å˜é©ä½œç”¨ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>军事上战斗力</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">当今世界，和平与å‘展是时代的主题。但“冷战â€æ€ç»´ä¾ç„¶å˜åœ¨ï¼Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9C%B8%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89/219177" data-lemmaid="219177">霸æƒä¸»ä¹‰</a>å’Œ<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BC%BA%E6%9D%83%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB/2134095" data-lemmaid="2134095">强æƒæ”¿æ²»</a>ä»æ˜¯å¨èƒä¸–界和平与稳定的主è¦æ ¹æºã€‚科技强国已ç»æˆä¸ºçŽ°ä»£å›½å®¶çš„å…±åŒé€‰æ‹©ã€‚</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>政治上影å“力</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">现代科å¦æŠ€æœ¯æ°´å¹³å·²æˆä¸ºå›½é™…政治斗争ä¸çš„一个ç¹ç 和大国地ä½çš„象å¾ã€‚<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3/116181" data-lemmaid="116181">é‚“å°å¹³</a>曾指出：“如果å…å年代以æ¥ä¸å›½æ²¡æœ‰<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%B9/136858" data-lemmaid="136858">原åå¼¹</a>ã€<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A2%E5%BC%B9/110129" data-lemmaid="110129">氢弹</a>，没有å‘å°„å«æ˜Ÿï¼Œä¸å›½å°±ä¸å¯èƒ½æˆä¸ºè¾ƒæœ‰é‡è¦å½±å“çš„å¤§å›½ï¼Œå°±æ²¡æœ‰çŽ°åœ¨è¿™æ ·çš„å›½é™…åœ°ä½ã€‚â€</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>社会进æ¥</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯æ‰€å¼€æ‹“çš„ç”Ÿäº§åŠ›åˆ›é€ äº†é«˜åº¦å‘达的物质文明，但对科å¦æŠ€æœ¯çš„使用ä¸å½“，åˆå¼•å‘了世界范围内æžå…¶ä¸¥é‡çš„环境问题。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>大事记</h2>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>äººç±»åŸºå› ç ”ç©¶</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1ã€1999å¹´12月1日，由英ã€ç¾Žã€æ—¥ç‰å›½ç§‘å¦å®¶ç»„æˆçš„ç ”ç©¶å°ç»„宣布已译出首对人体<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93">染色体</a>é—ä¼ å¯†ç ，这是人类科å¦é¢†åŸŸçš„åˆä¸€é‡å¤§çªç ´ã€‚äººç±»åŸºå› ç»„è®¡åˆ’æ˜¯äººç±»åŽ†å²ä¸Šä¸Žæ›¼å“ˆé¡¿åŽŸå弹工程åŠé˜¿æ³¢ç½—登月计划é½å的人类三大科å¦å·¥ç¨‹ä¹‹ä¸€ï¼Œä½†å…¶ä»·å€¼å’Œå¯¹äººç±»ç¤¾ä¼šçš„å½±å“将远远超过å‰ä¸¤ä¸ªè®¡åˆ’。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2ã€2000å¹´6月26日，人类有å²ä»¥æ¥ç¬¬ä¸€ä¸ªåŸºå› 组è‰å›¾ç»ˆäºŽç»˜åˆ¶å®Œæˆï¼Œä¸å›½ç§‘å¦å®¶å‚与并高质é‡åœ°å®Œæˆäº†äººç±»åŸºå› 组工作è‰å›¾ç»˜åˆ¶ç™¾åˆ†ä¹‹ä¸€çš„测åºã€‚任务表明ä¸å›½ç§‘å¦å®¶æœ‰èƒ½åŠ›èµ·è·»èº«å›½é™…科å¦å‰æ²¿ï¼Œå¹¶åšå‡ºé‡è¦è´¡çŒ®ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3ã€2000å¹´2月12日，å‚ä¸Žäººç±»åŸºå› ç»„è®¡åˆ’çš„å…国科å¦å®¶è”åˆå…¬å¸ƒäº†äººç±»åŸºå› 组图谱åŠå…¶åˆ†æžç»“æžœï¼Œäººç±»åŸºå› ç»„çš„å®Œæˆå›¾å°†äºŽç»˜åˆ¶å‡ºã€‚ç»˜åˆ¶å‡ºå®Œæ•´çš„äººç±»åŸºå› ç»„å›¾è°±ï¼Œç ´è¯‘å‡ºäººç±»å…¨éƒ¨é—ä¼ ä¿¡æ¯ã€‚这一计划的实施将为人类自身疾病的诊æ–和防治æä¾›ä¾æ®ï¼Œç»™åŒ»è¯äº§ä¸šå¸¦æ¥ä¸å¯ä¼°é‡çš„å˜åŒ–，将促进生命科å¦ã€ä¿¡æ¯ç§‘å¦åŠä¸€æ‰¹é«˜æ–°æŠ€æœ¯äº§ä¸šçš„å‘展。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>航空航天技术</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1.2000å¹´12月21日，ä¸å›½è‡ªè¡Œç ”制的第二颗“北斗导航试<a class="lemma-album layout-right nslog:10000206" title="北斗å«æ˜Ÿå¯¼èˆªç³»ç»Ÿç¤ºæ„图" href="/pic/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF/3348043/2063784/5f9e93b14ce34a32082302f3?fr=lemma&ct=cover" target="_blank" style="width:222px;" nslog-type="10000206">
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验å«æ˜Ÿâ€å‘å°„æˆåŠŸï¼Œå®ƒä¸Ž2000å¹´10月31æ—¥å‘射的第一颗“北斗导航试验å«æ˜Ÿâ€ä¸€èµ·æž„æˆäº†â€œåŒ—斗导航系统â€ã€‚è¿™æ ‡å¿—ç€ä¸å›½å°†æ‹¥æœ‰è‡ªä¸»ç ”制的第一代å«æ˜Ÿå¯¼èˆªå®šä½ç³»ç»Ÿï¼Œè¿™ä¸ªç³»ç»Ÿå»ºæˆåŽï¼Œä¸»è¦ä¸ºå…¬è·¯äº¤é€šã€é“è·¯è¿è¾“ã€æµ·ä¸Šä½œä¸šç‰é¢†åŸŸæ供导航æœåŠ¡ï¼Œå¯¹ä¸å›½å›½æ°‘ç»æµŽå»ºè®¾å°†èµ·åˆ°ç§¯æžçš„作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2.2001å¹´1月10日，ä¸å›½è‡ªè¡Œç ”制的“神舟二å·â€åœ¨ä¸å›½é…’泉å«æ˜Ÿå‘å°„ä¸å¿ƒå‡ç©ºï¼Œå¹¶æˆåŠŸè¿›å…¥é¢„定轨é“。1月16日，“神舟二å·â€æ— 人飞船准确返回并æˆåŠŸç€é™†ã€‚这是ä¸å›½èˆªå¤©åœ¨æ–°ä¸–纪的首次å‘射，也是ä¸å›½è½½äººèˆªå¤©å·¥ç¨‹çš„ç¬¬äºŒæ¬¡é£žè¡Œè¯•éªŒï¼Œå®ƒæ ‡å¿—ç€ä¸å›½å‘实现载人飞行迈出了é‡è¦çš„一æ¥ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3.2003å¹´10月15日，神舟五å·è½½äººé£žèˆ¹å°†èˆªå¤©å‘˜æ¨åˆ©ä¼Ÿé€å…¥å¤ªç©ºã€‚这次æˆåŠŸçš„å‘å°„æ ‡å¿—ç€ä¸å›½æˆä¸ºç»§å‰è‹è”（俄罗斯）和美国之åŽï¼Œç¬¬ä¸‰ä¸ªæœ‰èƒ½åŠ›å°†äººé€ä¸Šå¤ªç©ºçš„国家。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4.2008å¹´9月25日神舟七å·å°†å®‡èˆªå‘˜ç¿Ÿå¿—刚ã€åˆ˜ä¼¯æ˜Žå’Œæ™¯æµ·é¹é€å…¥å¤ªç©ºã€‚翟志刚出舱作业，刘伯明在轨é“舱内å助，实现了ä¸å›½åŽ†å²ä¸Šç¬¬ä¸€æ¬¡çš„太空漫æ¥ï¼Œä»¤ä¸å›½æˆä¸ºèƒ½è¿›è¡Œå¤ªç©ºæ¼«æ¥çš„国家。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">5.2013å¹´12月14 æ—¥, 嫦娥三å·æŽ¢æµ‹å™¨åœ¨æœˆçƒè¡¨é¢é¢„选ç€é™†åŒºåŸŸæˆåŠŸç€é™†ï¼Œæ ‡å¿—我国已æˆä¸ºä¸–界上第三个实现地外天体软ç€é™†çš„国家。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">6.ä¸å›½ç§‘å¦å®¶åœ¨<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3/410859" data-lemmaid="410859">纳米</a>ç§‘æŠ€ç ”ç©¶æ–¹é¢ï¼Œå±…于国际科技å‰æ²¿ã€‚最近的一次，ä¸å›½ç§‘å¦å®¶åœ¨ä¸–界上首次直接å‘现纳米金属的“奇异â€æ€§èƒ½â€”超塑延展性，纳米铜在室温下竟å¯å»¶ä¼¸50多å€è€Œä¸æŠ˜ä¸ç»•ï¼Œè¢«èª‰ä¸ºâ€œæœ¬é¢†åŸŸçš„一次çªç ´ï¼Œå®ƒç¬¬ä¸€æ¬¡å‘äººä»¬å±•ç¤ºäº†æ— ç©ºéš™çº³ç±³æ料是如何å˜å½¢çš„â€ã€‚从总体看，ä¸å›½æœ‰å…³çº³ç±³è®ºæ–‡æ€»æ•°æŽ’行世界第四，在纳米ææ–™ç ”ç©¶æ–¹é¢å·²åœ¨å›½é™…上å 一å¸ä¹‹åœ°ã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">7.超级计算机智能化2000å¹´11月29日，ä¸å›½ç‹¬ç«‹ç ”制的第一å°å…·æœ‰äººç±»å¤–观特å¾ã€å¯ä»¥æ¨¡æ‹Ÿäººè¡Œèµ°ä¸ŽåŸºæœ¬æ“作功能的类人型机器人，在长沙国防科技大å¦é¦–æ¬¡äº®ç›¸ã€‚ç±»äººåž‹æœºå™¨äººçš„é—®ä¸–ï¼Œæ ‡å¿—ç€ä¸å›½æœºå™¨äººæŠ€æœ¯å·²è·»èº«å›½é™…先进行列。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">8.2001å¹´3月，国家在北京展览馆举办了“863â€è®¡åˆ’15周年æˆå°±å±•ã€‚“863â€è®¡åˆ’自1986å¹´3月实施以æ¥ï¼Œå…±èŽ·å›½å†…外专利2000多项，å‘表论文47000å¤šç¯‡ï¼Œç´¯è®¡åˆ›é€ æ–°å¢žäº§å€¼560多亿元，产生间接ç»æµŽæ•ˆç›Š2000多亿元。863计划é‡ç‚¹æ”¯æŒçš„é«˜æŠ€æœ¯é¢†åŸŸçš„ç ”ç©¶å¼€å‘水平与世界先进水平的整体è·ç¦»æ˜Žæ˜¾ç¼©å°ï¼Œå¼€å§‹åœ¨ä¸–界高技术领域å 有一å¸ä¹‹åœ°ï¼Œ60%ä»¥ä¸Šçš„æŠ€æœ¯ä»Žæ— åˆ°æœ‰ï¼Œå¦‚ä»Šå·²è¿›å…¥æˆ–æŽ¥è¿‘å›½é™…å…ˆè¿›æ°´å¹³ï¼Œå¦æœ‰25%ä»ç„¶è½åŽäºŽå›½é™…先进水平，但在原æ¥çš„基础上也有很大进æ¥ã€‚</div>
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</div>2016å¹´1月7日，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6/160519" data-lemmaid="160519">ä¸å›½ç§‘å¦æŠ€æœ¯å¤§å¦</a>教授潘建伟åŠå…¶å›¢é˜Ÿå‡â€œå¤šå…‰åçº ç¼ åŠå¹²æ¶‰åº¦é‡â€è£èŽ·2015年度国家自然科å¦å¥–一ç‰å¥–。潘建伟说，2016年将建æˆè¿žæŽ¥åŒ—京ã€ä¸Šæµ·çš„广域光纤é‡å通信网络，并å‘射“é‡å科å¦å®žéªŒå«æ˜Ÿâ€ï¼Œåˆæ¥æž„建天地间广域é‡å通信体系。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="4" data-ctrmap=":4,">
[4]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[4]_185129"> </a>
é¢å‘2030年，在航空å‘动机ã€é‡å通信ã€ç½‘络空间ã€æ™ºèƒ½åˆ¶é€ 和机器人ã€æ·±æµ·æ·±ç©ºæŽ¢æµ‹ã€é‡ç‚¹æ–°ææ–™ã€è„‘科å¦ã€ç§ä¸šè‡ªä¸»åˆ›æ–°ã€å¥åº·ä¿éšœç‰é¢†åŸŸï¼ŒæŠ“ç´§é´é€‰å¯åŠ¨ä¸€æ‰¹ä½“现国家战略æ„图的é‡å¤§ç§‘技项目和工程。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">科å¦æŠ€æœ¯</span>ä¸å›½æ·±æµ·æŠ€æœ¯</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">2002å¹´ä¸å›½ç§‘æŠ€éƒ¨å°†æ·±æµ·è½½äººæ½œæ°´å™¨ç ”åˆ¶åˆ—ä¸ºå›½å®¶é«˜æŠ€æœ¯ç ”ç©¶å‘展计划（863计划）é‡å¤§ä¸“项，å¯åŠ¨â€œè›Ÿé¾™å·â€è½½äººæ·±æ½œå™¨çš„自行设计ã€è‡ªä¸»é›†æˆç ”制工作。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2009年至2012年，“蛟龙â€å·æŽ¥è¿žå–å¾—1000米级ã€3000米级ã€5000米级和7000米级海试æˆåŠŸã€‚</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2012å¹´6月30日，“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%9F%E9%BE%99">蛟龙</a>â€å·è½½äººæ½œæ°´å™¨åœ¨é©¬é‡Œäºšçº³æµ·æ²Ÿè¯•éªŒåŒºæˆåŠŸè¿›è¡Œ7000米级海试的最åŽä¸€æ¬¡ä¸‹æ½œè¯•éªŒï¼Œä¸‹æ½œæœ€å¤§æ·±åº¦è¾¾åˆ°7035米。“蛟龙â€7000米级海试的第四次ã€ç¬¬äº”次ã€ç¬¬å…次下潜试验都çªç ´ä¸ƒåƒç±³ï¼Œæœ€å¤§ä¸‹æ½œæ·±åº¦è¾¾åˆ°7062米，å¯ä»¥è¯´è¿™æ¬¡æµ·è¯•èŽ·å¾—圆满æˆåŠŸã€‚“蛟龙â€å·è½½äººæ½œæ°´å™¨æ˜¯å›½å®¶â€œ863â€è®¡åˆ’é‡å¤§ä¸“项，由国家海洋局下属的ä¸å›½å¤§æ´‹åä¼šç»„ç»‡å¤šå®¶ç§‘ç ”å•ä½å…±åŒæ‰¿æ‹…ç ”åˆ¶ä»»åŠ¡ï¼Œä¸èˆ¹é‡å·¥ä¸ƒã€‡äºŒæ‰€ã€ä¸ç§‘院沈阳自动化所ã€å£°å¦æ‰€ä½œä¸ºæ ¸å¿ƒå•ä½ï¼Œè”åˆå›½å†…ç™¾ä½™å®¶ç§‘ç ”ã€ç”Ÿäº§éƒ¨é—¨å’Œé«˜æ ¡ï¼Œåœ¨é•¿è¾¾10å¹´çš„ç ”åˆ¶å’Œè¯•éªŒè¿‡ç¨‹ä¸ï¼Œæ”»å…‹äº†ä¸å›½åœ¨æ·±æµ·æŠ€æœ¯é¢†åŸŸé¢ä¸´çš„一系列空白和关键技术瓶颈。</div>
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<div class="tashuo-operator">
<span class="tashuo-publish-date">2017-08-17</span><span class="tashuo-like J-like " data-isvote="0"><i></i><strong class="J-number">87</strong></span>
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<dt class="reference-title">å‚考资料</dt>
<dd class="reference-list-wrap">
<ul class="reference-list">
<li class="reference-item reference-item--type1 " id="reference-[1]-185129-wrap">
<span class="index">1.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor" name="refIndex_1_185129" id="refIndex_1_185129" title="å‘上跳转" href="#ref_[1]_185129"> </a>
<a rel="nofollow" href="/redirect/d5c4ANbGkrK09g1cd3qOsR_0XE0_5qo0LLaODD0vgE8QHHmFLi8H9spAegNIwtsXbM5RBFIFsUO8HSbtuI6dGdWrKTwQuIcBsBNycykLlCJuiRBP7ELMcKvkjJLyWIz9QR5OzDEcoRjcW1imMChph2WY-NArBvVtbhH9fuVurFcO71JxKBLKpRqkid1e0W8" target="_blank" class="text">生物技术<span class="linkout"> </span></a>
<span class="site">．百度百科</span><span>[引用日期2018-10-06]</span></li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type1 " id="reference-[2]-185129-wrap">
<span class="index">2.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor" name="refIndex_2_185129" id="refIndex_2_185129" title="å‘上跳转" href="#ref_[2]_185129"> </a>
<a rel="nofollow" href="/redirect/66e4PYcngw8PAIy0sLfU4efGUPn5KDDloUwtJEL0sx-09mW6c5VAFuvKI-7Lsh8bVjTOzclnlZLRH825uHW7k-aCVyL41pyUIUedxZh5vOcf9a3gujczyTnUHgB1U6gf-NJfsX8lpSVdezAbm6F-o-5ZVVIUoLQI4Id_ERQqSCzl1aPjzmU3-0q_okRbLbKi" target="_blank" class="text">空间技术<span class="linkout"> </span></a>
<span class="site">．百度百科</span><span>[引用日期2018-10-06]</span></li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type1 " id="reference-[3]-185129-wrap">
<span class="index">3.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor" name="refIndex_3_185129" id="refIndex_3_185129" title="å‘上跳转" href="#ref_[3]_185129"> </a>
<a rel="nofollow" href="/redirect/663asdNFsDe4yiZYMi0Ht-oL7uuZq9fdEG_yIai9ZWymALUpk7yrb90grq4X_NBh56WWsgufKUaYKV52O-afPzIbwNBeia4bhUDbLrSz2sddPcZLVd2d02DbiS89tUjNK9p8SBuK2myCCTwLF_DnJy6TICTmCjsURvQwR0qCjPuoJtbzKok" target="_blank" class="text">多维空间技术<span class="linkout"> </span></a>
<span class="site">．百度百科</span><span>[引用日期2018-07-14]</span></li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type1 " id="reference-[4]-185129-wrap">
<span class="index">4.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor" name="refIndex_4_185129" id="refIndex_4_185129" title="å‘上跳转" href="#ref_[4]_185129"> </a>
<a rel="nofollow" href="/redirect/06721Wo4lVgEV8ICw7Hzpxqt4hEoEc8yPmqxszQtyOD2cOIh2mzwgmjZ4Hok2r9rmHBx_9JaVKg_RCspEOzchd0YAwVmu5PLU5a6xtclGqHgjKK6m8_kaLQtJK3zZg" target="_blank" class="text">2016年科技看什么？解读科技部2016年工作会议报告<span class="linkout"> </span></a>
<span class="site">．ä¸å›½ç»æµŽç½‘</span><span>．2016-01-12</span><span>[引用日期2016-01-12]</span></li></ul>
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科å¦
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<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">1.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">本质</span>
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<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">1.2</span>
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<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">1.3</span>
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<a href="#1_4" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">1.4</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">è”系的制约</span>
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<a href="#1_5" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">1.5</span>
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<a href="#1_6" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">1.6</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">相关的哲å¦</span>
</span>
</a>
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<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#1_7" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">1.7</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">相关的å言</span>
</span>
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<span class="title-index">2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">方法</span>
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<a href="#2_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">2.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">å‘现的形å¼</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#2_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">2.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">å‡è¯´çš„æ出</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#2_3" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">2.3</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">å‡è¯´çš„è¯æ˜Ž</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#2_4" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">2.4</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">å› æžœä¸Žå¶ç„¶</span>
</span>
</a>
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<a href="#2_5" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">2.5</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">概率与平ç‰</span>
</span>
</a>
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<a href="#2_6" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">2.6</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">组åˆã€æ‹“展ã€ç±»æ¯”</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#2_7" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">2.7</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">ç»å…¸äº‹ä¾‹åˆ†æž</span>
</span>
</a>
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<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#3" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">3</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">科å¦çš„沉æ€</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
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<a href="#3_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">3.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">天文å¦ä¸Žç‰©ç†å¦</span>
</span>
</a>
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<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#3_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">3.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">生命科å¦ä¸ŽåŒ»è¯</span>
</span>
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<a href="#3_3" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">3.3</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">电åã€æœºæ¢°ã€å»ºç‘</span>
</span>
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<a href="#4" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">4</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">å«ä¹‰</span>
</span>
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</dt>
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<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#5" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">5</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">主è¦ç§‘å¦å®¶</span>
</span>
</a>
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<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#6" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">6</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">分类</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#6_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">6.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">生物技术</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#6_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">6.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">空间技术</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#6_3" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">6.3</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">哲å¦</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#6_4" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">6.4</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">自然科å¦ç±»</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#6_5" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">6.5</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">人文科å¦ç±»</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#6_6" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">6.6</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">高新科技类</span>
</span>
</a>
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<a href="#6_7" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">6.7</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">多维空间技术</span>
</span>
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<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#7" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">7</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">作用</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#7_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">7.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">ç»æµŽå‘展</span>
</span>
</a>
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<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#7_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">7.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">军事上战斗力</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
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<a href="#7_3" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">7.3</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">政治上影å“力</span>
</span>
</a>
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<a href="#7_4" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">7.4</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">社会进æ¥</span>
</span>
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</dd>
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<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#8" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">8</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">大事记</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#8_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">8.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">äººç±»åŸºå› ç ”ç©¶</span>
</span>
</a>
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<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#8_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">8.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">航空航天技术</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#8_3" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">8.3</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">ä¸å›½æ·±æµ·æŠ€æœ¯</span>
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function (data) {
safeCall(s.initialize, data, s);
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .add-subLemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
$('.top-tool .add-sub-icon').css('display', 'inline-block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .add-subLemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
$('.top-tool .add-sub-icon').css('display', 'inline-block');
}
}
});
require('wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/addSub/addSub.js')({ lemmaId: '3348043', lemmaTitle:"\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f", lemmaDesc:null, versionId: '135549769', subLemmaId: '185129' });
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.divide) {
$('.top-tool .split-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/collect/collect"],function(collect){
collect({
newLemmaId:"3348043",
lemmaId:"185129",
subLemmaId:"185129"
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/topShare/topShare"],function(topShare){
topShare({
newLemmaId: '3348043'
});
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
var nsLog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
var Dialog = require("wiki-common:widget/ui/dialog/dialog");
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
// 编辑和申请本人实å验è¯ä¿è¯åŒä¸€è¡Œå±•ç¤º
if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
}
}
} else {
nsLog('10003104');
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').show();
// é”定和申请本人实å验è¯ä¿è¯åŒä¸€è¡Œå±•ç¤º
if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
}
}
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
// 编辑和申请本人实å验è¯ä¿è¯åŒä¸€è¡Œå±•ç¤º
if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
}
}
} else {
nsLog('10003104');
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').show();
// é”定和申请本人实å验è¯ä¿è¯åŒä¸€è¡Œå±•ç¤º
if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
}
}
}
}
});
var canDiscussion = $('.j-discussion-link').length > 0 ? true : false;
if (canDiscussion) {
// é”定跳转
$('body').on('click', '.lock-lemma', function () {
var me = $(this);
var content = '<div style="text-align: left;width: 528px">'
+ '<h2 style="font-size: 20px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 20px;">'
+ 'è¯æ¡é”å®šï¼Œæš‚æ—¶æ— æ³•ç¼–è¾‘</h2>'
+ '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;">'
+ '亲爱的用户，è¯æ¡å˜åœ¨äº‰è®®æˆ–è¯æ¡å†…容较完善都å¯èƒ½è¢«é”定（'
+ '<a href="/view/10812319.htm" target="_blank">查看详情</a>）。</p>'
+ '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;">'
+ 'å¦‚æžœä½ è®¤ä¸ºé”定è¯æ¡å†…容å˜åœ¨é—®é¢˜éœ€è¦ä¿®æ”¹ï¼Œå¯è¿›è¡Œä»¥ä¸‹æ“作：</p></div>';
new Dialog({
title: '编辑æ示',
content: content,
btns: [
{
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">å‚与è¯æ¡è®¨è®ºï¼Œå馈è¯æ¡é—®é¢˜</span>',
key: 'discussion'
}
],
onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
if (btnKey === 'discussion') {
window.location.href = '/planet/talk?lemmaId=3348043&category=1';
}
}
}).show();
});
// 获å–讨论数
$.get('/discussion/api/getdiscussioncount?lemmaId=3348043', function (res) {
if (res && res.errno === 0 && res.data.discussionCount > 0) {
var numText = res.data.discussionCount <= 99 ? res.data.discussionCount : '99+';
$('.j-discussion-link .num').text(numText).show();
}
});
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .j-discussion-link').on('click', function () {
$(this).find('.num').remove();
});
// 讨论按钮展现é‡
nsLog(90000101, window.location.href, {
lemmaid: 3348043
});
}
}();
!function(){ require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/basicInfo/basicInfo')();
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
nslog(10002701);
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaCatalog a').on('click', function () {
nslog(10002702);
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
// 展现ç–ç•¥
rightCheck.editView('3348043', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('1') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery","wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/albumList/albumList","wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog"],function($,AlbumList,nslog){
var list=new AlbumList({
newLemmaId:"3348043",
lemmaTitle:"科å¦æŠ€æœ¯",
lemmaId:"185129",
subLemmaId:"185129",
data:{"2063784":{"coverpic":"5f9e93b14ce34a32082302f3","desc":"\u5317\u6597\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf\u793a\u610f\u56fe","albumTag":"","height":220,"width":220,"total":3,"coverurl":"https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/s%3D235\/sign=bd77ea36352ac65c63056170cef3b21d\/8435e5dde71190eff136a489ce1b9d16fcfa6092.jpg","toppics":[{"src":"d15717246cf7944dd50742f2","owner":"laishuying01","desc":"\u5317\u6597\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf\u793a\u610f\u56fe","height":453,"width":570},{"src":"5f9e93b14ce34a32082302f3","owner":"laishuying01","desc":"\u5317\u6597\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf\u793a\u610f\u56fe","height":480,"width":480},{"src":"425773226e2423c24723e871","owner":"laishuying01","desc":"DNA\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u7ed3\u6784","height":770,"width":770}]},"17139149":{"coverpic":"ca1349540923dd54bf182594d309b3de9d8248e7","desc":"\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c42\u6b21","albumTag":"","height":137,"width":220,"total":3,"coverurl":"https:\/\/gss1.bdstatic.com\/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/s%3D235\/sign=a2601b632cdda3cc0fe4bf2334e83905\/ca1349540923dd54bf182594d309b3de9d8248e7.jpg","toppics":[{"src":"0b55b319ebc4b745dcd0d81ccbfc1e178a821577","owner":"lanren20111","desc":"\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c42\u6b21","height":110,"width":250},{"src":"ca1349540923dd54bf182594d309b3de9d8248e7","owner":"lanren20111","desc":"\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u8054\u7cfb","height":411,"width":658},{"src":"aa64034f78f0f7366ddb4a610855b319ebc413ac","owner":"lanren20111","desc":"\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c42\u6b21","height":343,"width":502}]},"17139150":{"coverpic":"962bd40735fae6cd8b2a6f990db30f2443a70fa8","desc":"\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u5bf9\u5e94","albumTag":"","height":220,"width":187,"total":3,"coverurl":"https:\/\/gss0.bdstatic.com\/94o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/s%3D235\/sign=c0edd4d797cad1c8d4bbfb244a3f67c4\/962bd40735fae6cd8b2a6f990db30f2443a70fa8.jpg","toppics":[{"src":"0d338744ebf81a4ca10681c3d32a6059252da680","owner":"lanren20111","desc":"\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u5bf9\u5e94","height":220,"width":193},{"src":"d50735fae6cd7b89cd6b80e30d2442a7d9330e4e","owner":"lanren20111","desc":"\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u5bf9\u5e94","height":470,"width":807},{"src":"962bd40735fae6cd8b2a6f990db30f2443a70fa8","owner":"lanren20111","desc":"\u7ed3\u6784\u5173\u7cfb","height":448,"width":382}]},"17139151":{"coverpic":"e1fe9925bc315c60d48be7138fb1cb1349547734","desc":"\u9636\u6bb5\u4e0e\u89e6\u53d1","albumTag":"","height":220,"width":188,"total":2,"coverurl":"https:\/\/gss0.bdstatic.com\/94o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/s%3D235\/sign=b9a10b7bd2a20cf44290f9dc43084b0c\/e1fe9925bc315c60d48be7138fb1cb1349547734.jpg","toppics":[{"src":"e1fe9925bc315c60d48be7138fb1cb1349547734","owner":"lanren20111","desc":"\u9636\u6bb5\u4e0e\u89e6\u53d1","height":636,"width":544},{"src":"a50f4bfbfbedab64aab73139f536afc378311e05","owner":"lanren20111","desc":"\u7269\u8d28\u4f20\u8f93","height":546,"width":422}]},"17139152":{"coverpic":"f11f3a292df5e0fead4adc0b586034a85edf726d","desc":"\u591a\u9009\u4e00\u5224\u5b9a","albumTag":"","height":165,"width":220,"total":3,"coverurl":"https:\/\/gss0.bdstatic.com\/-4o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/s%3D235\/sign=a3b2c17ea9345982c18ae29139f5310b\/f11f3a292df5e0fead4adc0b586034a85edf726d.jpg","toppics":[{"src":"f11f3a292df5e0fead4adc0b586034a85edf726d","owner":"lanren20111","desc":"\u591a\u9009\u4e00\u5224\u5b9a","height":165,"width":220},{"src":"6d81800a19d8bc3efb7b6cc0868ba61ea8d3454c","owner":"lanren20111","desc":"\u662f\u5426\u7684\u5224\u5b9a","height":220,"width":161},{"src":"c995d143ad4bd113fa13e2385eafa40f4afb05d9","owner":"lanren20111","desc":"\u5faa\u73af\u5224\u5b9a","height":220,"width":191}]},"17139153":{"coverpic":"a75fb6d3f179d30d970a1684","desc":"20\u4e16\u7eaa\u79d1\u5b66\u5de8\u5320\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766","albumTag":"","height":220,"width":176,"total":2,"coverurl":"https:\/\/gss0.bdstatic.com\/-4o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/s%3D235\/sign=0092a394cbef7609380b9e9c1bdca301\/5d6034a85edf8db1c775db6d0923dd54564e745b.jpg","toppics":[{"src":"a75fb6d3f179d30d970a1684","owner":"lanren20111","desc":"20\u4e16\u7eaa\u79d1\u5b66\u5de8\u5320\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766","height":498,"width":400},{"src":"966aca07fce4e2ab7b8947a1","owner":"lanren20111","desc":"\u725b\u987f","height":1280,"width":1062}]},"0":{"coverpic":"4afbfbedab64034f616a225da8c379310b551dc1","width":"720","height":"475","desc":"\u8bcd\u6761\u56fe\u7247","total":4,"coverurl":"https:\/\/gss1.bdstatic.com\/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/s%3D235\/sign=a0881d97c4cec3fd8f3ea076e389d4b6\/4afbfbedab64034f616a225da8c379310b551dc1.jpg"}}
});
!!window.ScriptLazyLoad && window.ScriptLazyLoad.regist({
dom:$('.album-list'),
loadFunc:function(){
list.load();
nslog(1258);
},
distance:500
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery","wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/modulePager/modulePager"],function($,Pager){
var slideTo = function (index) {
var scroller = $('.tashuo-view');
scroller.stop().animate({scrollLeft: (index - 1) * 738}, 500);
};
var pager = new Pager({
total:2,
handleNext:function(index){
slideTo(index);
},
handlePrev:function(index){
slideTo(index);
}
});
pager.appendTo($(".tashuo-bottom-pager"));
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/tashuo/tashuo"],function(init){
init();
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaReference/lemmaReference","wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaReference/lemmaReferenceTip/lemmaReferenceTip"],function(Reference,ReferenceTip){
new Reference({
subLemmaId:"185129"
});
new ReferenceTip({
subLemmaId:"3348043",
lemmaTitle:"科å¦æŠ€æœ¯",
reference:[{"labelName":"\u7f51\u7edc\u8d44\u6599","type":"1","index":1,"publishDate":"","refDate":"2018-10-06","site":"\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1","title":"\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f","url":"\/redirect\/d5c4ANbGkrK09g1cd3qOsR_0XE0_5qo0LLaODD0vgE8QHHmFLi8H9spAegNIwtsXbM5RBFIFsUO8HSbtuI6dGdWrKTwQuIcBsBNycykLlCJuiRBP7ELMcKvkjJLyWIz9QR5OzDEcoRjcW1imMChph2WY-NArBvVtbhH9fuVurFcO71JxKBLKpRqkid1e0W8"},{"labelName":"\u7f51\u7edc\u8d44\u6599","type":"1","index":2,"publishDate":"","refDate":"2018-10-06","site":"\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1","title":"\u7a7a\u95f4\u6280\u672f","url":"\/redirect\/66e4PYcngw8PAIy0sLfU4efGUPn5KDDloUwtJEL0sx-09mW6c5VAFuvKI-7Lsh8bVjTOzclnlZLRH825uHW7k-aCVyL41pyUIUedxZh5vOcf9a3gujczyTnUHgB1U6gf-NJfsX8lpSVdezAbm6F-o-5ZVVIUoLQI4Id_ERQqSCzl1aPjzmU3-0q_okRbLbKi"},{"labelName":"\u7f51\u7edc\u8d44\u6599","type":"1","index":3,"publishDate":"","refDate":"2018-07-14","site":"\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1","title":"\u591a\u7ef4\u7a7a\u95f4\u6280\u672f","url":"\/redirect\/663asdNFsDe4yiZYMi0Ht-oL7uuZq9fdEG_yIai9ZWymALUpk7yrb90grq4X_NBh56WWsgufKUaYKV52O-afPzIbwNBeia4bhUDbLrSz2sddPcZLVd2d02DbiS89tUjNK9p8SBuK2myCCTwLF_DnJy6TICTmCjsURvQwR0qCjPuoJtbzKok"},{"type":"1","title":"2016\u5e74\u79d1\u6280\u770b\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u89e3\u8bfb\u79d1\u6280\u90e82016\u5e74\u5de5\u4f5c\u4f1a\u8bae\u62a5\u544a","url":"\/redirect\/06721Wo4lVgEV8ICw7Hzpxqt4hEoEc8yPmqxszQtyOD2cOIh2mzwgmjZ4Hok2r9rmHBx_9JaVKg_RCspEOzchd0YAwVmu5PLU5a6xtclGqHgjKK6m8_kaLQtJK3zZg","site":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7f51","publishDate":"2016-01-12","refDate":"2016-01-12","index":4}]
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery"],function($){
function openTagToggle(node) {
if ($(node).hasClass("collapse")) {
$(node).removeClass("collapse");
$("#open-tag").css("height", '22px');
} else {
$(node).addClass("collapse");
$("#open-tag").css("height", $("#open-tag-item").css("height"));
}
}
if (parseInt($("#open-tag-item").css("height")) <= 30) {
$('#open-tag-collapse').hide();
}
$("#open-tag-collapse").on("click", function () {
openTagToggle($("#open-tag")[0]);
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightTashuo/rightTashuo"],function(init){
init({
lemmaId: 3348043,
lemmaTitle: '科å¦æŠ€æœ¯'
});
});
}();
!function(){ require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/configModule/zhixin/zhixin')(
3348043,
'科å¦æŠ€æœ¯'
);
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaStatistics/lemmaStatistics"],function(init){
init({
newLemmaIdEnc:"508cb2fb230627169509ee33"
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/sideCatalog/sideCatalog"],function(SideCatalog){
new SideCatalog();
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/fengchao/fengchao","wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/unionAd/unionAd"], function (init, unionAd) {
init({
newLemmaId: "3348043",
lemmaTitle: "科å¦æŠ€æœ¯",
encodeLemmaTitle: "%BF%C6%D1%A7%BC%BC%CA%F5",
adManager: {"wapRelatedBusiness":1}
}, {
errFn: unionAd,
dom: $('#side_box_unionAd')
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/guessLike/guessLike'], function (app) {
app.init({
lemmaTitle: '科å¦æŠ€æœ¯',
adManager: {"wapRelatedBusiness":1}
});
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var Dialog = require("wiki-common:widget/ui/dialog/dialog");
var userLogin = require('wiki-common:widget/component/userLogin/userLogin');
var unameFiller = require('wiki-common:widget/component/unameFiller/unameFiller');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
var nsLog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
var isEnterprise = false;
var enterpriseOwnerUserId = 0;
var userId = 0;
var editUrl = '/edit/' + encodeURIComponent('科å¦æŠ€æœ¯') + '/' + '3348043';
var pgcUrl = '/enterprise/editpgc?lemmaId=3348043';
var canDiscussion = $('.j-discussion-link').length > 0 ? true : false;
userLogin.regist({
onLogin: function(user) {
userId = user ? user.uid : 0;
}
});
function gotoEdit(url, isMidNight) {
if (isMidNight) {
Dialog.alert({
title: '编辑æ示',
subMsg: '晚23:00至次日8:00ï¼Œå› å®¡æ ¸ç³»ç»Ÿä¾‹è¡Œç»´æŠ¤ï¼Œæ‚¨æ交的版本å¯èƒ½éœ€è¦è¾ƒé•¿æ—¶é—´æ‰èƒ½é€šè¿‡ï¼Œæœ›æ‚¨è°…解。',
onConfirm: function() {
window.location.href = url;
}
});
} else {
window.location.href = url;
}
}
function showChoseEditDialog(pgcCallback, ugcCallback) {
new Dialog({
title: '编辑æ示',
subMsg: '<p>您已开通ä¼ä¸šç™¾ç§‘æœåŠ¡ï¼ŒæŽ¨è您直接编辑“官方资料â€ï¼Œå®˜æ–¹èµ„料仅é™ä¼ä¸šç™¾ç§‘绑定的百科账å·ä¿®æ”¹ï¼Œå…¶ä»–用户账å·ä¸å¯ä¿®æ”¹ã€‚</p><p>如果您想修改其他网å‹ç¼–辑的普通è¯æ¡å†…容，请注æ„éµå®ˆç™¾ç§‘百科编辑规则。<p>',
btns: [{
key: 'pgc',
text: '编辑官方资料'
}, {
style: 'white',
text: '修改普通è¯æ¡',
key: 'ugc'
}],
onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
if (btnKey === 'pgc') {
pgcCallback && pgcCallback();
} else if (btnKey === 'ugc') {
ugcCallback && ugcCallback();
}
}
}).show();
}
function checkUserLegal(res) {
var legal = false;
switch (res.errno) {
case 100001:
nsLog('10003106');
userLogin.showLoginPop();
break;
case 100006:
unameFiller.show();
break;
default:
legal = true;
}
return true;
}
function checkUgc(res, url) {
if (res.errno) {
switch (res.errno) {
case 100005:
alert('对ä¸èµ·ï¼Œæ‚¨ç›®å‰è¢«å°ç¦');
break;
case 110001:
alert('对ä¸èµ·ï¼Œè¯¥è¯æ¡è¢«é”定');
break;
case 110007:
alert('对ä¸èµ·ï¼Œæ¶ˆæ§é¡µæ— 法编辑');
break;
case 110005:
nsLog('10003101');
var content = '<div style="text-align: left;width: 490px">'
+ '<h2 style="font-size: 20px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 20px;">'
+ '对ä¸èµ·ï¼Œä½ 暂时没有æƒé™ç¼–辑该è¯æ¡</h2>'
+ '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 17px;">'
+ '亲爱的用户，该è¯æ¡å†…容已较完善，需百科ç‰çº§è¾¾åˆ°4级且通过率达85%æ‰å¯ç¼–辑哦。</p>'
+ '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333">ä½ å½“å‰ç™¾ç§‘ç‰çº§ä¸º'
+ res.data.userInfo.level + '级ã€é€šè¿‡çŽ‡'
+ res.data.userInfo.passRatio + '%，å¯è¿›è¡Œä»¥ä¸‹æ“作：</p></div>';
var btns = [
{
key: 'join',
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;display: table-cell;">å馈è¯æ¡é—®é¢˜ï¼Œå‚与百科共建</span>'
},
{
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;display: table-cell;">å‚åŠ æˆé•¿ä»»åŠ¡ï¼Œæå‡ç¼–辑æƒé™</span>',
key: 'task'
}
];
if (canDiscussion) {
btns = [
{
key: 'discussion',
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">å‚与è¯æ¡è®¨è®ºï¼Œå馈è¯æ¡é—®é¢˜</span>'
},
{
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">å‚åŠ æˆé•¿ä»»åŠ¡ï¼Œæå‡ç¼–辑æƒé™</span>',
key: 'task'
}
];
}
new Dialog({
title: '编辑æ示',
content: content,
btns: btns,
onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
if (btnKey === 'discussion') {
window.location.href = '/planet/talk?lemmaId=3348043&category=1';
} else if (btnKey === 'task') {
window.location.href = '/usercenter#guide';
} else if (btnKey === 'join') {
window.location.href = '/feedback';
}
}
}).show();
break;
case 110008:
nsLog('10003102');
var content = '<div style="text-align: left;width: 490px">'
+ '<h2 style="font-size: 20px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 20px;margin-top: 10px;">'
+ '对ä¸èµ·ï¼Œä½ 暂时没有æƒé™ç¼–辑该è¯æ¡</h2>'
+ '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 17px;">'
+ '亲爱的用户，该è¯æ¡å†…容已较完善，需百科ç‰çº§è¾¾åˆ°6级且通过率达85%æ‰å¯ç¼–辑哦。</p>'
+ '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333">ä½ å½“å‰ç™¾ç§‘ç‰çº§ä¸º'
+ res.data.userInfo.level + '级ã€é€šè¿‡çŽ‡'
+ res.data.userInfo.passRatio + '%，å¯è¿›è¡Œä»¥ä¸‹æ“作：</p></div>';
var btns = [
{
key: 'join',
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;display: table-cell;">å馈è¯æ¡é—®é¢˜ï¼Œå‚与百科共建</span>'
},
{
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;display: table-cell;">å‚åŠ æˆé•¿ä»»åŠ¡ï¼Œæå‡ç¼–辑æƒé™</span>',
key: 'task'
}
];
if (canDiscussion) {
btns = [
{
key: 'discussion',
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">å‚与è¯æ¡è®¨è®ºï¼Œå馈è¯æ¡é—®é¢˜</span>'
},
{
text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">å‚åŠ æˆé•¿ä»»åŠ¡ï¼Œæå‡ç¼–辑æƒé™</span>',
key: 'task'
}
];
}
new Dialog({
title: '编辑æ示',
content: content,
btns: btns,
onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
if (btnKey === 'discussion') {
window.location.href = '/planet/talk?lemmaId=3348043&category=1';
} else if (btnKey === 'task') {
window.location.href = '/usercenter#guide';
} else if (btnKey === 'join') {
window.location.href = '/feedback';
}
}
}).show();
break;
case 470001:
alert('系统错误，请刷新é‡è¯•');
break;
case 110003:
nsLog('10003103');
Dialog.alert({
title: '编辑æ示',
subMsg: '很抱æ‰ï¼Œè¯¥è¯æ¡æœ‰å…¶ä»–用户编辑的版本æ£åœ¨æäº¤ï¼Œæ‚¨æš‚æ—¶æ— æ³•ç¼–è¾‘ã€‚<br/>百科建议您晚些时候å†ç¼–辑该è¯æ¡ï¼Œæˆ–者å°è¯•ç¼–辑其他的è¯æ¡ã€‚'
});
break;
}
} else {
if (!res.data.right.noAudit) {
Dialog.alert({
title: '编辑æ示',
subMsg: '很抱æ‰ï¼Œè¯¥è¯æ¡æœ‰å…¶ä»–用户编辑的版本æ£åœ¨æäº¤ï¼Œæ‚¨æš‚æ—¶æ— æ³•ç¼–è¾‘ã€‚<br/>百科建议您晚些时候å†ç¼–辑该è¯æ¡ï¼Œæˆ–者å°è¯•ç¼–辑其他的è¯æ¡ã€‚'
});
return;
}
gotoEdit(url, res.data.notice.isMidNight);
}
}
$(document.body).on('click', '.j-edit-link', function() {
nsLog('10003100');
var dl = $(this).attr('data-edit-dl');
if (dl) {
var url = editUrl + '?dl=' + dl;
} else {
var url = editUrl;
}
rightCheck.preeditCheck('3348043', '科å¦æŠ€æœ¯', '科å¦æŠ€æœ¯', '135549769', '', function(res) {
if (!checkUserLegal(res)) {
return;
}
if (isEnterprise && enterpriseOwnerUserId === userId) {
showChoseEditDialog(function() {
location.href = pgcUrl;
}, function() {
checkUgc(res, url);
});
} else {
checkUgc(res, url);
}
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery","wiki-common:widget/component/footer/footer_feedback"], function($, feedback){
feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-main',
proData: {
"extend_feedback_channel": null
}
});
feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-query', config: {
appid: 215645,
productLine: 20184,
needContactWay: false,
issuePlaceholder: '亲爱的百度百科用户，请在æ¤å¡«å†™æ‚¨çš„质疑内容åŠåŽŸå› 哦～'
},
proData: {
"kw": $('#J-bk-feedback-query').data('lemma')
}
});
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar-n/searchbar');
initSearchbar($('.wgt-searchbar-simple'));
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/toolButtons"],function(init){
init({
lemmaId:"185129",
subLemmaId:"185129",
newLemmaId:"3348043"
});
});
}();
!function(){ require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/userInfo')();
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
animation = require('wiki-common:widget/util/animation'),
nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog'),
initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar/searchbar');
var isFadeIn = false,
isFadeOut = false;
var fadeInAni, fadeOutAni;
$(window).on('scroll', function(e) {
var scrollTop = $(this).scrollTop();
if (scrollTop > 200 && !isFadeIn && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'none') {
fadeOutAni && fadeOutAni.stop();
fadeInAni = animation({
duration: 200,
easing: 'linear',
onStart: function() {
isFadeOut = false;
isFadeIn = true;
$('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'block');
},
onStep: function(progress) {
$('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', progress)
},
onComplete: function(progress) {
isFadeIn = false;
nslog(10010007);
}
});
} else if (scrollTop <= 200 && !isFadeOut && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'block') {
fadeInAni && fadeInAni.stop();
fadeOutAni = animation({
duration: 300,
easing: 'linear',
onStart: function() {
$('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader #suggestion').hide();
isFadeIn = false;
isFadeOut = true;
},
onStep: function(progress) {
$('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', 1 - progress);
},
onComplete: function(progress) {
isFadeOut = false;
$('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'none');
}
});
}
});
}();
!function(){ require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/qzopensl');
require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/taskSideShare"],function(taskShare){
taskShare.init({
title: '科å¦æŠ€æœ¯',
desc: "\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u628a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u8fde\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7b80\u79f0\u79d1\u6280\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e8c\u8005\u65e2\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u533a\u522b\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u89e3\u51b3\u7406\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u89e3\u51b3\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u786e\u51ff\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u73b0\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u7406\u8bba\u628a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u73b0\u8c61\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff1b\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5219\u662f\u628a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6210\u679c\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u53bb\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u548c\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u9886\u57df\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\uff0c\u5176\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u662f\u96be\u4ee5\u9884\u6599\u7684\uff1b\u6280\u672f\u662f\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u6210\u719f\u7684\u9886\u57df\u5185\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u6bd4\u8f83\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u89c4\u5212\u3002",
pic: 'https:\/\/gss1.bdstatic.com\/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/w%3D268\/sign=cda552ffa3c27d1ea5263cc223d4adaf\/4afbfbedab64034f616a225da8c379310b551dc1.jpg',
url: '',
qqPic: 'https:\/\/gss1.bdstatic.com\/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D475%2C475%2C50\/sign=13dc2774b9096b63814c0d106a0eb373\/4afbfbedab64034f616a225da8c379310b551dc1.jpg',
newLemmaId: '3348043',
lemmaTitle: '科å¦æŠ€æœ¯'
});
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
var nslog = require("wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog");
var testElem = require('wiki-common:widget/component/testElem/testElem');
var cmsModuleLoader = require('wiki-common:widget/component/cmsModuleLoader/cmsModuleLoader');
function requireAsync() {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement']);
}
cmsModuleLoader('/api/wikiui/getlemmaconfig', [{
name: 'announcement',
script: 'wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement.js'
}]);
require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/lazyLoad/lazyLoad"], function(LazyLoad) {
new LazyLoad();
});
require.async(['wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog','wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'], function(nslog, $) {
nslog().setGlobal({
lemmaId: "185129",
newLemmaId: "3348043",
subLemmaId: "185129",
lemmaTitle: "科å¦æŠ€æœ¯"
});
// è¯æ¡é¡µ pv
nslog(9322);
// 新版头部pv（å°æµé‡ï¼‰
if ($('.pc-header-new').length > 0) {
nslog(9069);
}
// 链接点击 pv
var lemmaPageRegExp = new RegExp(/\/subview\/\d+|\/view\/\d+|\/item\//i);
$('body').on('mousedown', 'a', function() {
var href = $(this).attr('href');
if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0) {
// 链接点击 pv
nslog(10000001);
if (lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
// è¯æ¡é¡µé“¾æŽ¥ç‚¹å‡» pv
nslog(10000002, window.location.href, {
targetTitle: $(this).text()
});
}
}
});
/****** è¯æ¡é¡µç«™å†…æµè½¬éœ€æ±‚统计 start ******/
(function () {
// å„ç§ç»Ÿè®¡é…ç½®
var circulationLinkCfg = {
innerLink: [ // 内链
'.para',
'.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeMovie',
'.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeStar',
'.basic-info .basicInfo-block',
'.lemma-summary',
'.lemmaWgt-lemmaSummary',
'.view-tip-panel',
'.horizontal-module',
'.lemmaWgt-roleIntroduction',
'.dramaSeries .dramaSerialList',
'.module-music',
'.table-view',
'[log-set-param="table_view"]',
'.list-module',
'.cell-module',
'.baseBox .dl-baseinfo', // é…ç½®åŽå°å—段
'.pvBtn-box .leadPVBtnWrapper',
'.drama-actor',
'#staffList',
'.starMovieAndTvplay',
'.main_tab:not(.main_tab-defaultTab)' // 除去è¯æ¡tab外的tab
],
relationTable: '.rs-container-foot', // 关系表
peopleRelation: '.star-info-block.relations, .lemmaWgt-focusAndRelation', // 人物关系（明星+普通）
moduleActors: '.featureBaseInfo .actors, .lemmaWgt-majorActors', // 主è¦æ¼”员ã€å˜‰å®¾ã€ä¸»æŒäºº
moduleWorks: '.featureBaseInfo .works, .large-feature .works', // 代表作å“
moduleQuarterly: '.featureBaseInfo .po_quarterly, .mian_quarterly', // 分å£ä»‹ç»
rankStar: '.rank-list.stars-rank', // 明星榜
rankDrama: '.drama-rank-list', // 电视剧榜
specialTopic: '.special-topic', // 专题模å—
modDetailTable: '#modDetailTable', // 关系表出图
chuizhitu: '.chuizhitu', // 垂直化模å—
polysemantList: '.polysemantList-wrapper' // 义项切æ¢
};
/****** 连接统计 ******/
function clickNslogFn() {
for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
if (k === 'innerLink') {
// è¯æ¡å†…链到è¯æ¡é¡µ
var tempArr = circulationLinkCfg[k];
for (var i = 0, l = tempArr.length; i < l; i++) {
tempArr[i] += ' a';
}
var sSelector = tempArr.join(', ');
$('body').on('mousedown', sSelector, {key: k},function(e) {
var key = e.data.key;
var href = $(this).attr('href');
var tar = $(this).attr('target') || '';
if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0
&& tar === '_blank' && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
// è¯æ¡é¡µæ™®é€šå†…链点击 pv
nslog(10000004, null ,{division: key});
}
});
} else {
// 模å—到è¯æ¡é¡µé“¾æŽ¥
$(circulationLinkCfg[k]).on('mousedown', 'a', {key: k}, function (e) {
var key = e.data.key;
var href = $(this).attr('href');
if (href && href.indexOf('#') !== 0 && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
// è¯æ¡é¡µé…置模å—链接点击 pv
nslog(10000004, null, {division: key});
}
});
}
}
}
// å‘起统计请求
clickNslogFn();
/****** å„模å—展现é‡pv ******/
function checkModuleIsShow() {
var result = [];
for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
if (k !== 'innerLink' && k !== 'relationTable') {
!!$(circulationLinkCfg[k]).html() && result.push(k);
}
}
if (result.length > 0) {
nslog(10000005, null, {showModules: result.join(',')});
}
}
checkModuleIsShow();
})();
/****** è¯æ¡é¡µç«™å†…æµè½¬éœ€æ±‚统计 end ******/
});
// 广告接入 wikiad ç»Ÿä¸€åŠ è½½
// log è¯æ¡é¡µå¹¿å‘Šè¢«æ‹¦æˆªæƒ…况（æ¤å¤„ log 请求行为）
nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
api: 'lemma-ad',
action: 'request'
});
var tags = [{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u79d1\u5b66"},{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u6280\u672f"}];
var tagsArray = [];
for (var key in tags) {
tagsArray.push(tags[key].tagName);
}
$.ajax({
type: 'GET',
url: '/api/wikiad/getsquirrels',
data: {
lemmaId: 3348043,
tags: tagsArray.join()
},
cache: false,
dataType: 'JSON',
success: function (res) {
// log è¯æ¡é¡µå¹¿å‘Šè¢«æ‹¦æˆªæƒ…况（æ¤å¤„ log 请求æˆåŠŸï¼‰
nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
api: 'lemma-ad',
action: 'success'
});
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data[5]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightPreciseAd/rightPreciseAd'], function(rightPreciseAd) {
rightPreciseAd(res.data[5]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[5][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[5][0].name,
adPos: 5
});
});
} else if (res.data[1]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/vbaike/vbaike'], function(vbaike) {
vbaike(res.data[1]);
for(var i in res.data[1]) {
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[1][i].adId,
adTitle: res.data[1][i].name,
adPos: 1
});
}
});
}
if (res.data[9]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightBigAd/rightBigAd'], function(rightBigAd) {
rightBigAd(res.data[9]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[9][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[9][0].name,
adPos: 9
});
});
} else if(res.data[2]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/slide/slide'], function(slide) {
slide(res.data[2]);
for(var i in res.data[2]) {
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[2][i].adId,
adTitle: res.data[2][i].name,
adPos: 2
});
}
});
}
if (res.data[3]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/topAd/topAd'], function(topAd) {
topAd(res.data[3]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[3][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[3][0].name,
adPos: 3
});
});
}
if (res.data[4]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightAd/rightAd'], function(rightAd) {
rightAd(res.data[4]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[4][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[4][0].name,
adPos: 4
});
});
}
if (res.data[15]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/banner/banner'], function(banner) {
banner(res.data[15]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[15][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[15][0].name,
adPos: 15
});
});
}
if (res.data[16]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/declaration/declaration'], function(declaration) {
declaration(res.data[16]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[16][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[16][0].name,
adPos: 16
});
})
}
} else {
return;
}
setTimeout(function () {
var elemArr = {};
res.data[1] && res.data[1].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-vbaike-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-vbaike .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
res.data[2] && res.data[2].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-slide-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-slide .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
res.data[3] && res.data[3].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-navbar-ad'] = {
node: $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').get(0),
validations: {
'noBackgroundImage': function() {
return $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').css('background-image').indexOf(res.data[3][0].picUrl) < 0
}
}
});
res.data[4] && res.data[4].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-side-ad'] = {
node: $('.right-ad img').get(0),
validations: {
'noBackgroundImage': function() {
return $('.right-ad img').attr('src').indexOf(res.data[4][0].picUrl) < 0
}
}
});
res.data[15] && res.data[15].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-banner'] = $('.configModuleBanner').get(0));
res.data[16] && res.data[16].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-declaration'] = $('.lemmaWgt-declaration').get(0));
testElem.log(elemArr, 70000102);
}, 1000);
},
error: function () {
// log è¯æ¡é¡µå¹¿å‘Šè¢«æ‹¦æˆªæƒ…况（æ¤å¤„ log 请求失败）
nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
api: 'lemma-ad',
action: 'error'
});
}
});
// 设置分享内容
window.BKShare.setCommon({
bdText: "\u3010\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f_\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\u3011\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u628a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u8fde\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7b80\u79f0\u79d1\u6280\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e8c\u8005\u65e2\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u533a\u522b\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u89e3\u51b3\u7406\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u89e3\u51b3\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u786e\u51ff\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u73b0\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u7406\u8bba\u628a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u73b0\u8c61\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff1b\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5219\u662f\u628a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6210\u679c\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u53bb\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u548c\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u9886\u57df\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\uff0c\u5176\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u662f\u96be\u4ee5\u9884\u6599\u7684\uff1b\u6280\u672f\u662f\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u6210\u719f\u7684\u9886\u57df\u5185\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u6bd4\u8f83\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u89c4\u5212\u3002.....\uff08\u5206\u4eab\u81ea@\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\uff09",
bdDesc: '',
bdUrl: 'http:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF\/3348043',
bdPic: '',
onBeforeClick: function (){
$('.bdshare_dialog_box').hide();
}
});
// 底部投诉带入当å‰é¡µé¢ url
var map = [1, 2, 6, 5];
$('.wgt-footer-main .suggestion').find('a').each(function(i) {
$(this).attr('href', 'http://help.baidu.com/newadd?word=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF' + '&&submit_link=' + encodeURIComponent(window.location.href) + '&prod_id=10&category=' + map[i]);
});
// ä¸ºè¶…å‡ºé¢„è®¾å†…å®¹çš„è¡¨æ ¼æ·»åŠ table-responsive控制
$('.main-content').find('table').each(function(index) {
var $that = $(this);
if ($that.width() > 790) {
$that.wrap('<div class="table-responsive"></div>');
}
});
}();
!function(){ require('wiki-common:widget/component/psLink/psLink');
}();
!function(){ require('wiki-common:widget/component/recruitment/recruitment');
}();</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var Hunter = window.Hunter || {};
Hunter.userConfig = Hunter.userConfig || [];
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://gss0.baidu.com/70cFsjip0QIZ8tyhnq/hunter/baike.js?st=17967" defer></script><script type="text/javascript">
// DOM Ready时，统计用户å¯æ“作时间。
alog('speed.set', 'drt', +new Date);
void function(a,b,c,d,e,f){function g(b){a.attachEvent?a.attachEvent("onload",b,!1):a.addEventListener&&a.addEventListener("load",b)}function h(a,c,d){d=d||15;var e=new Date;e.setTime((new Date).getTime()+1e3*d),b.cookie=a+"="+escape(c)+";path=/;expires="+e.toGMTString()}function i(a){var c=b.cookie.match(new RegExp("(^| )"+a+"=([^;]*)(;|$)"));return null!=c?unescape(c[2]):null}function j(){var a=i("PMS_JT");if(a){h("PMS_JT","",-1);try{a=a.match(/{["']s["']:(\d+),["']r["']:["']([\s\S]+)["']}/),a=a&&a[1]&&a[2]?{s:parseInt(a[1]),r:a[2]}:{}}catch(c){a={}}a.r&&b.referrer.replace(/#.*/,"")!=a.r||alog("speed.set","wt",a.s)}}if(a.alogObjectConfig){var k=a.alogObjectConfig.sample,l=a.alogObjectConfig.rand;d="https:"===a.location.protocol?"https://fex.bdstatic.com"+d:"http://fex.bdstatic.com"+d,k&&l&&l>k||(g(function(){alog("speed.set","lt",+new Date),e=b.createElement(c),e.async=!0,e.src=d+"?v="+~(new Date/864e5)+~(new Date/864e5),f=b.getElementsByTagName(c)[0],f.parentNode.insertBefore(e,f)}),j())}}(window,document,"script","/hunter/alog/dp.min.js");
</script>
</html>