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<meta name="description" content="航空摄影测量(aerial photogrammetry)指的是在飞机上用航摄仪器对地面连续摄取像片,结合地面控制点测量、调绘和立体测绘等步骤,绘制出地形图的作业。空中摄影是利用飞机或其它飞行器(如气球、人造卫星和宇宙飞船等),在其上装载专门的摄影机对地面进行摄影而获得像片,其中用飞机进行空中摄影的叫航空摄影。...">
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<h1 >航空摄影测量</h1>
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本词条由<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/science" target="_blank" class="nslog:7175">“科普中国”科学百科词条编写与应用工作项目</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">航空摄影测量(aerial photogrammetry)指的是在飞机上用航摄仪器对地面连续摄取像片,结合<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%A2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%82%B9%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F/8224798" data-lemmaid="8224798">地面控制点测量</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B0%83%E7%BB%98">调绘</a>和立体测绘等步骤,绘制出<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BD%A2%E5%9B%BE/5165662" data-lemmaid="5165662">地形图</a>的作业。</div><div class="para" label-module="para">空中摄影是利用飞机或其它飞行器(如气球、人造卫星和宇宙飞船等),在其上装载专门的摄影机对地面进行摄影而获得像片,其中用飞机进行空中摄影的叫航空摄影。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="1" data-ctrmap=":1,">
[1]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[1]_352202">&nbsp;</a>
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<dt class="basicInfo-item name">中文名</dt>
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航空摄影测量
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<dt class="basicInfo-item name">外文名</dt>
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aerial photogrammetry
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<dt class="basicInfo-item name">所属领域</dt>
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航空
</dd>
</dl><dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-right">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">使用工具</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
飞机等飞行器
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">原&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;理</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1/10524919" data-lemmaid="10524919">中心投影</a>的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%80%8F%E8%A7%86%E5%8F%98%E6%8D%A2/8746342" data-lemmaid="8746342">透视变换</a>
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">优&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;点</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
分辨率高、动态记录
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="lemmaWgt-lemmaCatalog">
<div class="lemma-catalog">
<h2 class="block-title">目录</h2>
<div class="catalog-list column-3">
<ol>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">1</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1">基本原理</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">2</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2">优点</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">3</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3">相关技术</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level1">
<span class="index">4</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4">测量方法</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">5</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#5">具体工作</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">6</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6">我国发展情况</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level1">
<span class="index">7</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7">未来发展</a></span>
</li>
</ol>

</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub352202_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="基本原理" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">航空摄影测量</span>基本原理</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="1" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">航空摄影测量单张像片测图的基本原理是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1/10524919" data-lemmaid="10524919">中心投影</a>的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%80%8F%E8%A7%86%E5%8F%98%E6%8D%A2/8746342" data-lemmaid="8746342">透视变换</a>,立体测图的基本原理是投影过程的几何反转。航空摄影测量的作业分外业和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E4%B8%9A/4591145" data-lemmaid="4591145">内业</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">外业包括:</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">①<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%83%8F%E7%89%87%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%82%B9">像片控制点</a>联测,像片控制点一般是航摄前在地面上布设的标志点,也可选用像片上明显地物点(如道路交叉点等),用测角交会、测距导线、等外水准、高程导线等普通测量方法测定其<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%A2%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87">平面坐标</a>和高程。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">②<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%83%8F%E7%89%87%E8%B0%83%E7%BB%98">像片调绘</a>,在像片上通过判读,用规定的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BD%A2%E5%9B%BE/5165662" data-lemmaid="5165662">地形图</a>符号绘注地物、地貌等要素;测绘没有影像的和新增的重要地物;<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%A8%E8%AE%B0/6083136" data-lemmaid="6083136">注记</a>通过调查所得的地名等。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">③<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E6%B5%8B%E5%9B%BE">综合法测图</a>,在单张像片或像片图上用<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B3%E6%9D%BF%E4%BB%AA/5905245" data-lemmaid="5905245">平板仪</a>测绘<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AD%89%E9%AB%98%E7%BA%BF/1697067" data-lemmaid="1697067">等高线</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">内业包括:</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">①加密测图控制点,以像片控制点为基础,一般用<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F/91901" data-lemmaid="91901">空中三角测量</a>方法,推求测图需要的控制点、检查其平面坐标和高程。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">②测制地形原图。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">单张像片测图的基本原理是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1/10524919" data-lemmaid="10524919">中心投影</a>的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%80%8F%E8%A7%86%E5%8F%98%E6%8D%A2/8746342" data-lemmaid="8746342">透视变换</a>,而摄影过程的几何反转则是立体测图的基本原理。广义来说,前一情况的基本原理也是摄影过程的几何反转。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">20世纪30年代以后,摄影过程的几何反转都是应用各种结构复杂的光学机械的精密仪器来实现的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">50年代,开始应用数学解析的方式来实现。假设两张相邻的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%88%AA%E6%91%84%E5%83%8F%E7%89%87/2408278" data-lemmaid="2408278">航摄像片</a>覆盖了同一地面<i>AMDC</i>,它们在左片<i>P</i><sub>1</sub>上的构像为<i>ɑ<sub>1</sub>m<sub>1</sub>d<sub>1</sub>c<sub>1</sub></i>,右片<i>P</i><sub>2</sub>上的构像为<i>ɑ<sub>2</sub>m<sub>2</sub>d<sub>2</sub>c<sub>2</sub></i>,两摄站点<i>S</i><sub>1</sub>和<i>S</i><sub>2</sub>间的距离为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%BA%E7%BA%BF/6354186" data-lemmaid="6354186">基线</a><i>B</i>。如将这两张像片装回与摄影镜箱相同的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E5%99%A8/2645797" data-lemmaid="2645797">投影器</a>内,后面用<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%81%9A%E5%85%89%E5%99%A8/5392715" data-lemmaid="5392715">聚光器</a>照明,就会投射出同摄影时相似的投影光束。再把这两个投影光束安置在与摄影时相同的空间方位,并使两投影中心间的距离为<i>b</i>(<i>b</i>为按测图<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E5%B0%BA/1696909" data-lemmaid="1696909">比例尺</a>缩小的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%9F%BA%E7%BA%BF/4947521" data-lemmaid="4947521">摄影基线</a>),此时所有的同名投影光线都应成对相交,从而得出一个地面的立体模型<i>A</i>&#39;<i>M</i> &#39;<i>D</i> &#39;<i>C</i> &#39;。这时,用一个空间的浮游<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B5%8B%E6%A0%87">测标</a>(可作三维运动)去量测它,就可画得<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BD%A2%E5%9B%BE/5165662" data-lemmaid="5165662">地形图</a>。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="2" data-ctrmap=":2,">
[2]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[2]_352202">&nbsp;</a>
</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub352202_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="优点" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">航空摄影测量</span>优点</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="2" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">航空摄影具有以下优点:<br/>  (1)可以居高临下地观察;<br/>  (2)航片能把观察到的各种地面特征在同一时间里客观地记录下来;<br/>  (3)记录动态现象;<br/>  (4)航片是现状的永久性记录,且有充裕时间来仔细研究,可将外业现场搬至室内探讨;<br/>  (5)提高空间分辨率。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="1" data-ctrmap=":1,">
[1]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[1]_352202">&nbsp;</a>
</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="3" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub352202_3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="相关技术" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">航空摄影测量</span>相关技术</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="3" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">航空摄影测量的主题,是将地面的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1/10524919" data-lemmaid="10524919">中心投影</a>(<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%88%AA%E6%91%84%E5%83%8F%E7%89%87/2408278" data-lemmaid="2408278">航摄像片</a>)变换为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AD%A3%E5%B0%84%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1/372804" data-lemmaid="372804">正射投影</a>(<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BD%A2%E5%9B%BE/5165662" data-lemmaid="5165662">地形图</a>)。这一问题可以采取许多途径来解决。如图解法、光学机械法(亦称<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A8%A1%E6%8B%9F%E6%B3%95/9794774" data-lemmaid="9794774">模拟法</a>)和解析法等。在每一种方法中还可细分出许多具体方法,而每种具体方法又有其特有的理论。其中有些概念和理论是基础性的,带有某些共性,如像片的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0/507635" data-lemmaid="507635">内方位元素</a>和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%96%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0/507685" data-lemmaid="507685">外方位元素</a>,<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%83%8F%E7%82%B9/10895478" data-lemmaid="10895478">像点</a>同地面点的坐标关系式,<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%B1%E7%BA%BF%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B/1912580" data-lemmaid="1912580">共线条件方程</a>,像对的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91/4948505" data-lemmaid="4948505">相对定向</a>,模型的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91/4948520" data-lemmaid="4948520">绝对定向</a>和立体观测原理等。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>像片的内方位元素和外方位元素</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0/507635" data-lemmaid="507635">内方位元素</a>用以确定<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%A9%E9%95%9C/3307438" data-lemmaid="3307438">摄影物镜</a>后节点(像方)同像片间的相关位置。利用它可以恢复摄影时的摄影光线束。内方位元素系指<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1%E6%9C%BA%E4%B8%BB%E8%B7%9D/4948888" data-lemmaid="4948888">摄影机主距</a> f和摄影机物镜后节点在像平面的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AD%A3%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1/3819656" data-lemmaid="3819656">正投影</a>位于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A1%86%E6%A0%87/8576884" data-lemmaid="8576884">框标</a>坐标系中的坐标值(<i>x</i><sub>0</sub>,<i>у</i><sub>0</sub>)。这些数值通过对航摄机鉴定得出,故内方位元素总是已知的。确定摄影光线束在摄影时的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE/2291427" data-lemmaid="2291427">空间位置</a>的数据,叫做像片或摄影的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%96%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0/507685" data-lemmaid="507685">外方位元素</a>。外方位元素有6个数值,包括摄影中心<i>S</i>在某一<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%9B%B4%E8%A7%92%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87%E7%B3%BB/10743618" data-lemmaid="10743618">空间直角坐标系</a>中的3个坐标值<i>Xs</i>、<i>Ys</i>、<i>Zs</i>和用来确定摄影光线束在空间方位的3个角定向元素,如<i>φ</i>、<i>ω</i>、<i>k</i>角。这些外方位元素都是针对着某一个模型坐标系<i>O</i>-<i>XYZ</i>而定义的。模型坐标系的<i>X</i><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87%E8%BD%B4/9763108" data-lemmaid="9763108">坐标轴</a>近似地位于摄影的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%BA%E7%BA%BF/6354186" data-lemmaid="6354186">基线</a>方向,<i>Z</i>坐标轴近似地与地面点的高程方向相符。在模型坐标系内所建立的立体模型必须在其后经<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91/4948520" data-lemmaid="4948520">绝对定向</a>的过程才能取得立体模型的正确方位。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>像点坐标变换式</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%83%8F%E7%82%B9/10895478" data-lemmaid="10895478">像点</a><i>ɑ</i>在以摄影中心<i>S</i>为原点,摄影<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%89%E8%BD%B4/1163160" data-lemmaid="1163160">主光轴</a><i>z</i><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87%E8%BD%B4/9763108" data-lemmaid="9763108">坐标轴</a>的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%83%8F%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87%E7%B3%BB/507899" data-lemmaid="507899">像空间坐标系</a>(S-<i>xуz</i>)中的坐标为<i>x<sub>ɑ</sub></i>、<i>у<sub>ɑ</sub></i>、z<sub><i>ɑ</i></sub>=-<i>f</i>。此时以S为原点再建立一个辅助坐标系(S-<i>uvw</i>)其中3个坐标轴<i>u</i>、<i>v</i>、<i>w</i>分别与模型坐标的3个坐标轴<i>X</i> 、<i>Y</i>、<i>Z</i>相平行。ɑ点在此辅助坐标系中的坐标设为<i>u<sub>ɑ</sub></i>、<i>v<sub>ɑ</sub></i>、<i>w<sub>ɑ</sub></i>,则其变换关系式为:</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:250px; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
			href="/pic/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F/6390666/0/21e55823f2b5bc6e9822eda4?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="航空摄影测量" style="width:250px;height:40px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAMAAAAoyzS7AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRF9fX1AAAA0VQI3QAAAAxJREFUeNpiYAAIMAAAAgABT21Z4QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://gss3.bdstatic.com/-Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D250/sign=f80d54ccf736afc30a0c38608319eb85/0bd162d9f2d3572cea9d85d08a13632762d0c3bb.jpg"  alt="航空摄影测量" style="width:250px;height:40px;"/>
</a>
<span class="description">
航空摄影测量
</span>
</div><div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:101px; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
			href="/pic/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F/6390666/0/1899a23edc711fc6828b13a5?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="航空摄影测量" style="width:101px;height:41px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAMAAAAoyzS7AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRF9fX1AAAA0VQI3QAAAAxJREFUeNpiYAAIMAAAAgABT21Z4QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://gss1.bdstatic.com/-vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=a7c449040cd79123e4e093769d345917/3b292df5e0fe9925d175705c34a85edf8db17144.jpg"  alt="航空摄影测量" style="width:101px;height:41px;"/>
</a>
<span class="description">
航空摄影测量
</span>
</div><i><b>R</b></i>为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%97%8B%E8%BD%AC%E7%9F%A9%E9%98%B5">旋转矩阵</a>,它是由<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%83%8F%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87%E7%B3%BB">像空间坐标系</a>与辅助坐标系的相应<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87%E8%BD%B4">坐标轴</a>间<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%B9%E8%A7%92">夹角</a>的余弦(称<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E4%BD%99%E5%BC%A6">方向余弦</a>)组成,而这些方向余弦都是像片的3个角定向元素的函数。这是一个重要的基本公式,因为有很多理论公式或作业公式就是在此基础上进一步演化得出的。例如,在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F">解析摄影测量</a>中有广泛应用的“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%B1%E7%BA%BF%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B">共线条件方程</a>式”,就是根据它的反算式作进一步演化得出。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>相对定向</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">确定像片对相互位置关系的过程。模拟法<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91/4948505" data-lemmaid="4948505">相对定向</a>是在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E6%B5%8B%E5%9B%BE%E4%BB%AA/1230624" data-lemmaid="1230624">立体测图仪</a>上进行。其理论基础是使空间所有的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%8C%E5%90%8D%E5%85%89%E7%BA%BF">同名光线</a>都成对相交。当同名光线不相交时,则在仪器的观测系统中可以观察到<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%8B%E8%A7%86%E5%B7%AE">上下视差</a>(常用 <i>Q</i>表示)。上下视差就是两条同名射线在空间不相交时在垂直于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%9F%BA%E7%BA%BF">摄影基线</a>方向中存在的距离。此时将<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E5%99%A8/2645797" data-lemmaid="2645797">投影器</a>作微小的直线移动或转动,就可以消除这个距离。理论上只要能够在适当分布的 5个点处同时消除该点处的上下视差,就认为已经获得在这个立体像对内全部上下视差的消除,从而完成了相对定向,得出立体模型。相对定向的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E6%B3%95">解析法</a>是在像片上量测各<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%8C%E5%90%8D%E5%83%8F%E7%82%B9">同名像点</a>的像点坐标,例如对左像片为<i>x</i><sub>1</sub>、<i>у</i><sub>1</sub>,对右像片为<i>x</i><sub>2</sub>、<i>у</i><sub>2</sub>。根据同名射线共面条件的理论可以推导出这些量测值与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0">相对定向元素</a>的关系式。理论上测得5对同名像点的像点坐标值,就能够解算出该像片对的 5个相对定向元素。同名点在左右像片上的纵坐标差(<i>у</i><sub>1</sub>-<i>у</i><sub>2</sub>)习惯上也称之为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%8B%E8%A7%86%E5%B7%AE">上下视差</a>,用符号<i>q</i> 表示。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>模型的绝对定向</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">在摄影测量中,相对定向所建立的立体模型常处在暂时的或过渡性的模型<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87%E7%B3%BB">坐标系</a>中,而且<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E5%B0%BA/1696909" data-lemmaid="1696909">比例尺</a>也是任意的,因此必须把它变换至地面测量坐标系中,并使符合规定的比例尺,方可测图,这个变换过程称为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91/4948520" data-lemmaid="4948520">绝对定向</a>。绝对定向的数学基础是三维<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7">线性</a><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BC%BC%E5%8F%98%E6%8D%A2">相似变换</a>,它的元素有7个,3个坐标原点的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B3%E7%A7%BB">平移</a>值,3个立体模型的转角值和1个比例尺缩放率。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>立体观测原理</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F">立体观察</a>的原理是建立人造<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89">立体视觉</a>,即将像对上的视差反映为人眼的生理视差后得出的立体视觉。得到人造立体视觉须具备3个条件:①由两个不同位置(一条<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%BA%E7%BA%BF/6354186" data-lemmaid="6354186">基线</a>的两端)拍摄同一景物的两张像片(称为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E5%83%8F%E5%AF%B9">立体像对</a>或像对);②两只眼睛分别观察像对中的一张像片;③观察时像对上各<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%8C%E5%90%8D%E5%83%8F%E7%82%B9">同名像点</a>的连线要同人的眼睛基线大致平行,而且同名点间的距离一般要小于眼基线(或扩大后的眼基距)。若用两个相同标志分别置于左右像片的同名像点上,则立体观察时就可以看到在立体模型上加入了一个空间的测标。为便于立体观察,可借助于一些简单的工具,如桥式<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E9%95%9C/632674" data-lemmaid="632674">立体镜</a>和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%8D%E5%85%89%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E9%95%9C">反光立体镜</a>。对于那种利用两个<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E5%99%A8/2645797" data-lemmaid="2645797">投影器</a>把左右像片的影像同时叠合地投影在一个承影面上的情况,可采用<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%92%E8%A1%A5%E8%89%B2">互补色</a>原理或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%81%8F%E6%8C%AF%E5%85%89">偏振光</a>原理进行<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F/9927988" data-lemmaid="9927988">立体观察</a>,并用一个具有测标的测绘台量测。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="测量方法" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">航空摄影测量</span>测量方法</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="4" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">20世纪30年代以来,航空摄影测量的测图方法主要有3种,即<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95">综合法</a>、全能法和分工法(或称<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%B3%95">微分法</a>)。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">航空摄影测量的综合法是摄影测量和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B3%E6%9D%BF%E4%BB%AA%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F/1797354" data-lemmaid="1797354">平板仪测量</a>相结合的测图方法。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BD%A2%E5%9B%BE/5165662" data-lemmaid="5165662">地形图</a>上地物、地貌的平面位置由<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%83%8F%E7%89%87%E7%BA%A0%E6%AD%A3">像片纠正</a>的方法得出像片图或线划图,地形点高程和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AD%89%E9%AB%98%E7%BA%BF/1697067" data-lemmaid="1697067">等高线</a>则用普通测量方法在野外测定。它适用于平坦地区的大比例尺测图。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">航空摄影测量的全能法是根据摄影过程的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%8F%8D%E8%BD%AC%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86">几何反转原理</a>,置立体像对于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E6%B5%8B%E5%9B%BE%E4%BB%AA/1230624" data-lemmaid="1230624">立体测图仪</a>内,建立起所摄地面缩小的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B">几何模型</a>,借以测绘地形图的方法。在立体测图仪上安置像片时依据<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0">内方位元素</a>,目的是使恢复后的投影光束同摄影光束相似(也可在一定条件下变换投影光束)。由于像对的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91">相对定向</a>过程中并未加入控制点,只利用了像对内在的几何特性,所以建立的几何模型的方位是任意的,模型的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E5%B0%BA">比例尺</a>也是近似值,因此必须通过<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91">绝对定向</a>才能据以测图。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%A8%E8%83%BD%E6%B3%95%E6%B5%8B%E5%9B%BE">全能法测图</a>的仪器是立体测图仪。这类仪器形式繁多,根据投影系统的结构可分为3种类型:</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">①建立实际投影光线束的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1">光学投影</a>式的;</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">②从投影中心至<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%83%8F%E7%82%B9/10895478" data-lemmaid="10895478">像点</a>一方为实际的投影光线,而从投影中心至模型点一方则用方向导杆代替的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1">光学机械投影</a>式的;</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">③用一根贯穿3个万向关节(它们分别代表像点、投影中心和模型点)的方向导杆来代替投影光线的机械投影式的。前两种型式的仪器现已基本淘汰了。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E6%B5%8B%E5%9B%BE%E4%BB%AA/1230624" data-lemmaid="1230624">立体测图仪</a>的结构均须有投影系统、观测(观察和量测)系统和绘图系统等几个主要部分。使用立体测图仪进行<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91">相对定向</a>和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91">绝对定向</a>,是通过两个<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E5%99%A8/2645797" data-lemmaid="2645797">投影器</a>的角运动(少数仪器也有直线移动)和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B5%8B%E6%A0%87">测标</a>架上测标的安置动作来实现的。定向之后,可以通过<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E8%A7%82%E6%B5%8B">立体观测</a>,利用仪器上的测标点在地面的立体模型上进行地物和地貌的测绘。有的仪器还可以处理地面摄影的像片,有的可在仪器上作<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F/91901" data-lemmaid="91901">空中三角测量</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">立体测图仪自1930年问世以来,发展到60年代达到高峰,以后主要是发展仪器外围设备,例如电子<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%98%E5%9B%BE%E6%A1%8C/7251239" data-lemmaid="7251239">绘图桌</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AD%A3%E5%B0%84%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1">正射投影</a>装置(见<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AD%A3%E5%B0%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF">正射影像技术</a>)以及坐标记录装置等。电子绘图桌有多种功能,可以自动地做某些内容的绘图工作。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">航空摄影测量的分工法(<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%B3%95">微分法</a>)是按照平面和高程分求的原则进行测图的一种方法。使用的主要仪器是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E9%87%8F%E6%B5%8B%E4%BB%AA/1230711" data-lemmaid="1230711">立体量测仪</a>。它是根据<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%96%E7%9B%B4%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1">竖直摄影</a>像对,量测<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%A6%E5%8F%B3%E8%A7%86%E5%B7%AE%E8%BE%83">左右视差较</a>和在右方像片上勾绘<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AD%89%E9%AB%98%E7%BA%BF/1697067" data-lemmaid="1697067">等高线</a>的一种仪器。一个地面点在左、右两张像片上构像点的横坐标 <i>x</i>的差值称<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%A6%E5%8F%B3%E8%A7%86%E5%B7%AE">左右视差</a><i>p</i>,而两个地面点的左右视差之差则称之为左右视差较Δ<i>p</i>,这个 Δ<i>p</i>是该两点的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AB%98%E7%A8%8B%E5%B7%AE/12738357" data-lemmaid="12738357">高程差</a>所引起的。<br/>  在量测左右视差较Δ<i>p</i>的过程中,借助仪器上的改正机件,自动改正由摄影<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%96%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0">外方位元素</a>带来的影响,使之等于理想像对的左右视差或左右视差较;而用高差公式计算高程差;然后用<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E8%BD%AC%E7%BB%98%E4%BB%AA/1731584" data-lemmaid="1731584">投影转绘仪</a>把在像片上勾绘的等高线以及调绘的地物,进行分带投影转绘成<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BD%A2%E5%9B%BE/5165662" data-lemmaid="5165662">地形图</a>。中国设计制造的X-2型视差测图仪是在立体量测仪的基础上,另加平面改正机件,改进后的仪器,在使用中可把<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E5%B7%A5%E6%B3%95%E6%B5%8B%E5%9B%BE">分工法测图</a>中的两个步骤一次解决,从而提高了作业效率。意大利、联邦德国也有类似的仪器。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">航空摄影测量的成图方法和仪器正在向着半自动化和自动化方向发展,在这方面<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E6%B5%8B%E5%9B%BE%E4%BB%AA/1056458" data-lemmaid="1056458">解析测图仪</a>已经有了相当的成就。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="具体工作" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">航空摄影测量</span>具体工作</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="5" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">航空摄影测量需要进行外业和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E4%B8%9A/4591145" data-lemmaid="4591145">内业</a>两方面的工作。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%8B">航测</a>外业工作包括:</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">①<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%83%8F%E7%89%87%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%82%B9/1734652" data-lemmaid="1734652">像片控制点</a>联测。像片控制点一般是航摄前在地面上布设的标志点,也可选用像片上的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%98%8E%E6%98%BE%E5%9C%B0%E7%89%A9%E7%82%B9">明显地物点</a>(如道路交叉点等),用普通测量方法测定其平面坐标和高程。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">②<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%83%8F%E7%89%87%E8%B0%83%E7%BB%98/1732727" data-lemmaid="1732727">像片调绘</a>。是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F%E5%88%A4%E8%AF%BB">图像判读</a>、调查和绘注等工作的总称。在像片上通过判读,用规定的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BD%A2%E5%9B%BE/5165662" data-lemmaid="5165662">地形图</a>符号绘注地物、地貌等要素;测绘没有影像的和新增的重要地物;<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%A8%E8%AE%B0/6083136" data-lemmaid="6083136">注记</a>通过调查所得的地名等。通过像片调绘所得到的像片称为调绘片。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B0%83%E7%BB%98">调绘</a>工作可分为室内的、野外的和两者相结合的3种方法。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">③综合法测图。主要是在单张像片或像片图上用<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B3%E6%9D%BF%E4%BB%AA/5905245" data-lemmaid="5905245">平板仪</a>测绘<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AD%89%E9%AB%98%E7%BA%BF/1697067" data-lemmaid="1697067">等高线</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">航测内业工作包括:</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">①测图<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%82%B9">控制点</a>的加密。以前对于平坦地区一般采用辐射<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F%E6%B3%95">三角测量法</a>,对于丘陵地和山地则采用<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E6%B5%8B%E5%9B%BE%E4%BB%AA/1230624" data-lemmaid="1230624">立体测图仪</a>建立单航线模拟的空中<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E7%BD%91">三角网</a>,进行控制点的加密工作。20世纪60年代以来,<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A8%A1%E6%8B%9F%E6%B3%95/9794774" data-lemmaid="9794774">模拟法</a><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F/91901" data-lemmaid="91901">空中三角测量</a>逐渐地被<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F">解析空中三角测量</a>代替(见空中三角测量)。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">②用各种光学机械仪器测制地形原图。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="6" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub352202_6" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="我国发展情况" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">航空摄影测量</span>我国发展情况</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="6" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">摄影测量引入我国以来, 国内在数字摄影测量领域的理论研究也取得了较大的进步。在王之卓先生于1978 年提出“全数字自动化测图系统概念” 指导下, 北京四维远见公司的JX4DPW, 武汉适普公司的VirtuoZo 这两套DPW 都于1998年通过了国家测绘局的鉴定。这两套系统集成了摄影测量数据后处理的大部分工作, 空三测量、4D(DEM, DigitalElevation Model; DLG, Digital Linear Graphy;DOM, Digital OrthoPhotomap , DTM, Digital Terrain Model)产品生产等工作都能在该系统上完成。国内外数字摄影测量工作站的涌现极大地促进了摄影测量在各个方面的应用,同时这些数字摄影测量工作站都极好地提供了完备的胶片像片数字化后各种影像处理方式, 吸收了大量的图像处理领域的先进技术和理论,如图像检测、图像匹配等, 极大地促进了摄影测量系统的发展。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">我国在数字摄影测量工作站和其他航空摄影测量的理论进展并不能掩盖在航空摄影仪的落后。我国在机载POS 系统, 光学成像镜头、CCD制作工艺和水平等方面还有较长的路要走。因此,我国航空摄影测量发展的一个重要内容就是研发具有自主知识产权的数字航空摄影仪。没有自己的数字航空摄影仪这个航空摄影最前端的产品,数字航空摄影的各个方面如摄影规范的制定、全自动/半自动数字摄影测量工作站、数字航空摄影的应用等都会受到限制。中国科学院光机研究院、中国测绘科学研究院、武汉大学都在这方面进行了许多卓有成效的研究工作。正是在这些科研成果的支持下,2007 年由中国测绘科学研究院、北京四维远见公司、首都师范大学等几家单位联合研制的国产数字航空摄影仪SWDC- 4通过了国家测绘局组织的产品鉴定会, 结束了我国没有国产数字航空摄影仪的现状。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SWDC- 4 宽像幅面阵数字航空相机,在高程精度、旁向视场角、重量体积比、可更换镜头、降低航高等技术指标上取得了突破。采用的大视场角、大象元角、大基高比技术显著地提高了成图效率与高程精度。SWDC进行5000H 飞行时旁向覆盖宽度近9 公里, 航向覆盖近8 公里, 60%重叠时基高比近0.59/0.89。SWDC- 4的作业效率和高程精度都高于DMC等国外数字航空相机, 在进行中小比例成图航空拍摄时, SWDC- 4 具有更高的实用价值。SWDC独有的组件式自供电结构和有无摄影员两种工作方式可以适应各种飞行平台、具有极大的适应性。SWDC- 4 能够进行1 ∶500 到1∶10000 的成图比例尺的航空摄影, 其作业精度远高于国家规范所规定的作业精度, 高程精度达到1/10000 航高。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="3" data-ctrmap=":3,">
[3]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[3]_352202">&nbsp;</a>
<a name="ref_3"></a></div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="7" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub352202_7" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="未来发展" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">航空摄影测量</span>未来发展</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="7" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1、综合数字航空摄影仪</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">尽管数字航空摄影仪能够克服常规航空摄影的种种弊端, 消除高空间分辨率传感器和LIDAR技术将取代航空摄影测量的认识。但是在国家基础地形资料逐渐完备、航空摄影数据应用逐渐多元化的趋势下,单一的黑白或者真彩色航空摄影仪不能完全满足这种航空摄影多元化应用的需要。国外面阵数字航空摄影仪,如DMC 和UCD就已经具有全色和彩红外两种波段, 是因应这一形势的典型代表。但是,这种波段组成也只是将常规航空摄影的彩红外相机和黑白相机做了一个集成,还达不到多光谱航空摄影的要求。数字航空摄影仪在不断提升自身基本功能和性能稳定性基础上, 将多光谱传感器集成到数字航空摄影仪中,使数字航空摄影不仅能够满足传统测绘的需要, 而且可以为不断深入的遥感应用提供更丰富的机载数据。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2、自动或半自动全数字摄影测量工作站</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">数码航空相机及其近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统的应用将对摄影测量的工作流程和后续数据处理产生巨大的影响,有可能产生革命性的变革。数码航空相机应用到整个摄影测量过程中后,摄影测量与其他非测图用遥感数据获取将可能更加集成。考虑到摄影测量影像较高的几何精度,与之一起获取非测图用遥感数据将可能避免与空间矢量数据精度不匹配、空图2SWDC- 4数字航空摄影仪间位置不匹配等遥感数据处理经常遇到的问题。数码航空相机影像获取的成本和影像存储的成本将大大降低,常规航空摄影测量要求的航向重叠60%以上、旁向重叠30%以上将不会成为数码航空摄影测量的制约,航向重叠80%以上、旁向重叠60%以上高冗余航空摄影测量将可能取代低重叠度常规航空摄影测量。相同的地物点将被更多的影像所反映,摄影测量的立体像对数将大大增加,常规数字摄影测量工作站的影像处理方法将被更多的全自动、半自动处理方法所替代。全自动数字摄影测量工作站将会成为数字测量工作站的下一个发展阶段,大量的新技术、新方法将应用到全自动数字摄影测量工作站中。数字航空摄影系统的采用及大量的图像匹配、模式识别、计算机视觉技术、并行计算技术、网格计算技术的引入使大量的原来需要人机交互的工作可以全自动工作,这将大大地提升航空摄影数据处理的效率。基于高性能台式机的全自动数字摄影测量工作站的研制将成为摄影测量领域的另一研究焦点。其中基于多目视觉的影像匹配及方位元素解算技术、高程精度的大比例尺地图快速成图与更新技术、高冗余网状航空摄影处理技术、面向区域自动“跨像对” 的数字成图技术等将会成为自动或半自动全数字摄影测量工作站的关键技术。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3、数字摄影测量网格和准实时摄影测量</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">航空摄影测量其旺盛的生命力就在于其不断地吸收相关领域的最新理论和技术,局域网、万维网、网格技术的发展必然使得数字摄影测量会引进最新的理论研究成果,将计算机网络、集群处理、并行处理等最新技术应用到航空摄影测量后处理中。数字摄影测量网格将单个数字摄影测量工作站、集群处理系统、网格处理系统等集成在一起,有可能实现实时或准实时摄影测量。我们相信再经过几年或者十几年的发展, 航空摄影空中作业完成后, 一天之内数字正射影像就可以提供给用户,数字摄影测量也会迎来发展和应用的又一个高峰。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="3" data-ctrmap=":3,">
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<span class="index">1.</span>
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<a rel="nofollow" href="/redirect/6946Ea1jfICztxZeWNEVi5StwoR3ANEAWXWxpYUCpqUcUF13FENwVdhKiwG4HupwWo6m9CQsQKiZjBB7gLEj" target="_blank" class="text">航空摄影测量的基础知识<span class="linkout">&nbsp;</span></a>
<span class="site">.中国地质大学</span><span>&#91;引用日期2017-04-04&#93;</span></li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type1 " id="reference-[2]-352202-wrap">
<span class="index">2.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor"  name="refIndex_2_352202" id="refIndex_2_352202" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[2]_352202">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
<a rel="nofollow" href="/redirect/442fLuQnspsFIv9RyrP2Nirpj6c6qOMcCRvwXweeUoOKHlvM0Qotgi1jNkTtxPJQYz69CSEPXrEg6LeXUHtxVKA06Cx5zRc" target="_blank" class="text">航空摄影测量立体测图步骤<span class="linkout">&nbsp;</span></a>
<span class="site">.中国学网</span><span>&#91;引用日期2017-04-04&#93;</span></li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type3 " id="reference-[3]-352202-wrap">
<span class="index">3.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor"  name="refIndex_3_352202" id="refIndex_3_352202" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[3]_352202">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
<span class="text">方德涛 , 程琳琳,《城市建设理论研究:电子版》,2013</span>
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</form>
<form id="searchLemmaForm" action="/search" method="GET" target="_self">
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            var content = '<div style="text-align: left;width: 528px">'
                + '<h2 style="font-size: 20px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 20px;">' 
                + '词条锁定,暂时无法编辑</h2>' 
                + '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;">'
                + '亲爱的用户,词条存在争议或词条内容较完善都可能被锁定('
                + '<a href="/view/10812319.htm" target="_blank">查看详情</a>)。</p>'
                + '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;">'
                + '如果你认为锁定词条内容存在问题需要修改,可进行以下操作:</p></div>';
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                content: content,
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}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
    nslog(10002701);
    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaCatalog a').on('click', function () {
           nslog(10002702);
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('6390666', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('6390666', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('6390666', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('6390666', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('6390666', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('6390666', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('6390666', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaRelation/lemmaInsert'], function(init) {
            init({ // 关系化统计需求--传参  shangwenbin
                lemmaId: "352202",
                newLemmaId: "6390666",
                subLemmaId: "352202",
                lemmaTitle: "航空摄影测量"
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){		require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaReference/lemmaReference","wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaReference/lemmaReferenceTip/lemmaReferenceTip"],function(Reference,ReferenceTip){
			new Reference({
				subLemmaId:"352202"
			});
			new ReferenceTip({
				subLemmaId:"6390666",
				lemmaTitle:"航空摄影测量",
				reference:[{"type":"1","title":"\u822a\u7a7a\u6444\u5f71\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6","url":"\/redirect\/6946Ea1jfICztxZeWNEVi5StwoR3ANEAWXWxpYUCpqUcUF13FENwVdhKiwG4HupwWo6m9CQsQKiZjBB7gLEj","site":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u5730\u8d28\u5927\u5b66","publishDate":"","refDate":"2017-04-04","index":1},{"type":"1","title":"\u822a\u7a7a\u6444\u5f71\u6d4b\u91cf\u7acb\u4f53\u6d4b\u56fe\u6b65\u9aa4","url":"\/redirect\/442fLuQnspsFIv9RyrP2Nirpj6c6qOMcCRvwXweeUoOKHlvM0Qotgi1jNkTtxPJQYz69CSEPXrEg6LeXUHtxVKA06Cx5zRc","site":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u7f51","publishDate":"","refDate":"2017-04-04","index":2},{"type":"3","text":"\u65b9\u5fb7\u6d9b , \u7a0b\u7433\u7433\uff0c\u300a\u57ce\u5e02\u5efa\u8bbe\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76:\u7535\u5b50\u7248\u300b\uff0c2013","index":3}]
			});
		});
	}();
!function(){require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaSciencePaper/lemmaSciencePaper'],function(init) {
    init({
        lemmaId: "6390666"
    });
});
}();
!function(){        require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery"],function($){
            function openTagToggle(node) {
                if ($(node).hasClass("collapse")) {
                    $(node).removeClass("collapse");
                    $("#open-tag").css("height", '22px');
                } else {
                    $(node).addClass("collapse");
                    $("#open-tag").css("height", $("#open-tag-item").css("height"));
                }
            }
            if (parseInt($("#open-tag-item").css("height")) <= 30) {
                $('#open-tag-collapse').hide();
            }
            $("#open-tag-collapse").on("click", function () {
                openTagToggle($("#open-tag")[0]);
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){    var $ = require("wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery");
    
    var slider = {
        init: function() {
            this.control = $("#professional_control");
            this.prev = this.control.find(".J-prev");
            this.next = this.control.find(".J-next");
            this.el = $("#professional_list");
            this.view = this.el.find(".J-slider");
            this.items = this.view.find("ul");
            this.itemWidth = this.items.eq(0).innerWidth();
            this.initStatus();
            this.bindEvents();
        },
        initStatus: function() {
            this.view.css({
                width: this.items.length*this.itemWidth+"px",
                position: "absolute"
            });
            this.setHeight(0);
            if ( this.items.length < 2 ) return;
            this.changeControllers(0);
        },
        bindEvents: function() {
            var self = this, index = 0;
            if ( this.items.length < 2 ) return;
            this.next.on("click", function() {
                if ( self.items.length-1 === index ) return;
                index++;
                self.setHeight(index);
                self.goAni(index);
                self.changeControllers(index);
            });
            this.prev.on("click", function() {
                if ( index == 0 ) return;
                index--;
                self.setHeight(index);
                self.goAni(index);
                self.changeControllers(index);
            });
        },
        setHeight: function(index) {
            this.el.height( this.items.eq(index).innerHeight() );
        },
        goAni: function(index) {
            this.view.animate({
                left: index === 0 ? 0 : "-"+this.itemWidth*index+"px"
            });
        },
        changeControllers: function(index) {
            var disabledClass = "pro-control-disable";
            this.prev.removeClass(disabledClass);
            this.next.removeClass(disabledClass);
            if ( index === 0 ) {
                this.prev.addClass(disabledClass);
            } else if ( index === this.items.length-1 ) {
                this.next.addClass(disabledClass);
            }
        }
    };
    slider.init();
}();
!function(){        require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/configModule/zhixin/zhixin')(
            6390666,
            '航空摄影测量'
        );
    }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaStatistics/lemmaStatistics"],function(init){
        init({
            newLemmaIdEnc:"f39dc6c754234d40797679a1"
        });
    });
}();
!function(){	require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/sideCatalog/sideCatalog"],function(SideCatalog){
		new SideCatalog();
	});
}();
!function(){        require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/fengchao/fengchao","wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/unionAd/unionAd"], function (init, unionAd) {
            init({
                newLemmaId: "6390666",
                lemmaTitle: "航空摄影测量",
                encodeLemmaTitle: "%BA%BD%BF%D5%C9%E3%D3%B0%B2%E2%C1%BF",
                adManager: {"wapRelatedBusiness":1}
            }, {
                errFn: unionAd,
                dom: $('#side_box_unionAd')
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/guessLike/guessLike'], function (app) {
            app.init({
                lemmaTitle: '航空摄影测量',
                adManager: {"wapRelatedBusiness":1}
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var Dialog = require("wiki-common:widget/ui/dialog/dialog");
    var userLogin = require('wiki-common:widget/component/userLogin/userLogin');
    var unameFiller = require('wiki-common:widget/component/unameFiller/unameFiller');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');
    var nsLog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');

            var isEnterprise = false;
        var enterpriseOwnerUserId = 0;
    
    var userId = 0;
    var editUrl = '/edit/' + encodeURIComponent('航空摄影测量') + '/' + '6390666';
    var pgcUrl = '/enterprise/editpgc?lemmaId=6390666';
    var canDiscussion = $('.j-discussion-link').length > 0 ? true : false;

    userLogin.regist({
        onLogin: function(user) {
            userId = user ? user.uid : 0;
        }
    });

    function gotoEdit(url, isMidNight) {
        if (isMidNight) {
            Dialog.alert({
                title: '编辑提示',
                subMsg: '晚23:00至次日8:00,因审核系统例行维护,您提交的版本可能需要较长时间才能通过,望您谅解。',
                onConfirm: function() {
                    window.location.href = url;
                }
            });
        } else {
            window.location.href = url;
        }    
    }

    function showChoseEditDialog(pgcCallback, ugcCallback) {
        new Dialog({
            title: '编辑提示',
            subMsg: '<p>您已开通企业百科服务,推荐您直接编辑“官方资料”,官方资料仅限企业百科绑定的百科账号修改,其他用户账号不可修改。</p><p>如果您想修改其他网友编辑的普通词条内容,请注意遵守百科百科编辑规则。<p>',
            btns: [{
            key: 'pgc',
            text: '编辑官方资料'
            }, {
            style: 'white',
            text: '修改普通词条',
            key: 'ugc'
            }],
            onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
                if (btnKey === 'pgc') {
                    pgcCallback && pgcCallback();
                } else if (btnKey === 'ugc') {
                    ugcCallback && ugcCallback();
                }
            }
        }).show();
    }

    function checkUserLegal(res) {
        var legal = false;
        switch (res.errno) {
            case 100001:
                nsLog('10003106');
                userLogin.showLoginPop();
                break;
            case 100006:
                unameFiller.show();
                break;
            default:
                legal = true;
        }
        return true;
    }

    function checkUgc(res, url) {
        if (res.errno) {
            switch (res.errno) {
                case 100005:
                    alert('对不起,您目前被封禁');
                    break;
                case 110001:
                    alert('对不起,该词条被锁定');
                    break;
                case 110007:
                    alert('对不起,消歧页无法编辑');
                    break;
                case 110005:
                    nsLog('10003101');
                    var content = '<div style="text-align: left;width: 490px">'
                        + '<h2 style="font-size: 20px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 20px;">' 
                        + '对不起,你暂时没有权限编辑该词条</h2>' 
                        + '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 17px;">'
                        + '亲爱的用户,该词条内容已较完善,需百科等级达到4级且通过率达85%才可编辑哦。</p>'
                        + '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333">你当前百科等级为'
                        + res.data.userInfo.level + '级、通过率'
                        + res.data.userInfo.passRatio + '%,可进行以下操作:</p></div>';
                    var btns = [
                        {
                            key: 'join',
                            text: '<span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;display: table-cell;">反馈词条问题,参与百科共建</span>'
                        },
                        {
                            text: '<span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;display: table-cell;">参加成长任务,提升编辑权限</span>',
                            key: 'task'
                        }
                    ];
                    if (canDiscussion) {
                        btns = [
                            {
                                key: 'discussion',
                                text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">参与词条讨论,反馈词条问题</span>'
                            },
                            {
                                text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">参加成长任务,提升编辑权限</span>',
                                key: 'task'
                            }
                        ];
                    }
                    new Dialog({
                        title: '编辑提示',
                        content: content,
                        btns: btns,
                        onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
                            if (btnKey === 'discussion') {
                                window.location.href = '/planet/talk?lemmaId=6390666&category=1';
                            } else if (btnKey === 'task') {
                                window.location.href = '/usercenter#guide';
                            } else if (btnKey === 'join') {
                                window.location.href = '/feedback';
                            }
                        }
                    }).show();
                    break;
                case 110008:
                    nsLog('10003102');
                    var content = '<div style="text-align: left;width: 490px">'
                        + '<h2 style="font-size: 20px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 20px;margin-top: 10px;">' 
                        + '对不起,你暂时没有权限编辑该词条</h2>' 
                        + '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333;line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 17px;">'
                        + '亲爱的用户,该词条内容已较完善,需百科等级达到6级且通过率达85%才可编辑哦。</p>'
                        + '<p style="font-size: 16px;color: #333">你当前百科等级为'
                        + res.data.userInfo.level + '级、通过率'
                        + res.data.userInfo.passRatio + '%,可进行以下操作:</p></div>';
                    var btns = [
                        {
                            key: 'join',
                            text: '<span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;display: table-cell;">反馈词条问题,参与百科共建</span>'
                        },
                        {
                            text: '<span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;display: table-cell;">参加成长任务,提升编辑权限</span>',
                            key: 'task'
                        }
                    ];
                    if (canDiscussion) {
                        btns = [
                            {
                                key: 'discussion',
                                text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">参与词条讨论,反馈词条问题</span>'
                            },
                            {
                                text: '<span style="font-size: 14px">参加成长任务,提升编辑权限</span>',
                                key: 'task'
                            }
                        ];
                    }
                    new Dialog({
                        title: '编辑提示',
                        content: content,
                        btns: btns,
                        onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
                            if (btnKey === 'discussion') {
                                window.location.href = '/planet/talk?lemmaId=6390666&category=1';
                            } else if (btnKey === 'task') {
                                window.location.href = '/usercenter#guide';
                            } else if (btnKey === 'join') {
                                window.location.href = '/feedback';
                            }
                        }
                    }).show();
                    break;
                case 470001:
                    alert('系统错误,请刷新重试');
                    break;
                case 110003:
                    nsLog('10003103');
                    Dialog.alert({
                        title: '编辑提示',
                        subMsg: '很抱歉,该词条有其他用户编辑的版本正在提交,您暂时无法编辑。<br/>百科建议您晚些时候再编辑该词条,或者尝试编辑其他的词条。'
                    });
                    break;
            }
        } else {
            if (!res.data.right.noAudit) {
                Dialog.alert({
                    title: '编辑提示',
                    subMsg: '很抱歉,该词条有其他用户编辑的版本正在提交,您暂时无法编辑。<br/>百科建议您晚些时候再编辑该词条,或者尝试编辑其他的词条。'
                });
                return;
            }
            gotoEdit(url, res.data.notice.isMidNight);
        }
    }

    $(document.body).on('click', '.j-edit-link', function() {
        nsLog('10003100');
        var dl = $(this).attr('data-edit-dl');
        if (dl) {
            var url = editUrl + '?dl=' + dl;
        } else {
            var url = editUrl;
        }

        rightCheck.preeditCheck('6390666', '航空摄影测量', '航空摄影测量', '131221370', '', function(res) {
            if (!checkUserLegal(res)) {
                return;
            }
            if (isEnterprise && enterpriseOwnerUserId === userId) {
                showChoseEditDialog(function() {
                    location.href = pgcUrl;
                }, function() {
                    checkUgc(res, url);
                });
            } else {
                checkUgc(res, url);
            }
        });
    });
}();
!function(){  require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery","wiki-common:widget/component/footer/footer_feedback"], function($, feedback){
    feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-main',
      proData: {
        "extend_feedback_channel": 33430
      }
    });
    feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-query', config: {
        appid: 215645,
        productLine: 20184,
        needContactWay: false,
        issuePlaceholder: '亲爱的百度百科用户,请在此填写您的质疑内容及原因哦~'
      },
      proData: {
        "kw": $('#J-bk-feedback-query').data('lemma')
      }
    });
  });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
      initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar-n/searchbar');  
    initSearchbar($('.wgt-searchbar-simple'));
  }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/toolButtons"],function(init){
        init({
            lemmaId:"352202",
            subLemmaId:"352202",
            newLemmaId:"6390666"
        });
    });
}();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/userInfo')();
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
      animation = require('wiki-common:widget/util/animation'),
      nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog'),
      initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar/searchbar');

    var isFadeIn = false,
        isFadeOut = false;

    var fadeInAni, fadeOutAni;

    $(window).on('scroll', function(e) {
        var scrollTop = $(this).scrollTop();

        if (scrollTop > 200 && !isFadeIn && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'none') {
            fadeOutAni && fadeOutAni.stop();
            fadeInAni = animation({
                duration: 200,
                easing: 'linear',
                onStart: function() {
                    isFadeOut = false;
                    isFadeIn = true;
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'block');
                },
                onStep: function(progress) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', progress)
                },
                onComplete: function(progress) {
                    isFadeIn = false;
                    nslog(10010007);
                }
            });
        } else if (scrollTop <= 200 && !isFadeOut && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'block') {
            fadeInAni && fadeInAni.stop();
            fadeOutAni = animation({
                duration: 300,
                easing: 'linear',
                onStart: function() {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader #suggestion').hide();
                    isFadeIn = false;
                    isFadeOut = true;
                },
                onStep: function(progress) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', 1 - progress);
                },
                onComplete: function(progress) {
                    isFadeOut = false;
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'none');
                }
            });
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/qzopensl');
    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/taskSideShare"],function(taskShare){
        taskShare.init({
            title: '航空摄影测量',
            desc: "\u822a\u7a7a\u6444\u5f71\u6d4b\u91cf\uff08aerial photogrammetry\uff09\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5728\u98de\u673a\u4e0a\u7528\u822a\u6444\u4eea\u5668\u5bf9\u5730\u9762\u8fde\u7eed\u6444\u53d6\u50cf\u7247\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u5730\u9762\u63a7\u5236\u70b9\u6d4b\u91cf\u3001\u8c03\u7ed8\u548c\u7acb\u4f53\u6d4b\u7ed8\u7b49\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u7ed8\u5236\u51fa\u5730\u5f62\u56fe\u7684\u4f5c\u4e1a\u3002\u7a7a\u4e2d\u6444\u5f71\u662f\u5229\u7528\u98de\u673a\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u98de\u884c\u5668\uff08\u5982\u6c14\u7403\u3001\u4eba\u9020\u536b\u661f\u548c\u5b87\u5b99\u98de\u8239\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e0a\u88c5\u8f7d\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u6444\u5f71\u673a\u5bf9\u5730\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u6444\u5f71\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u50cf\u7247\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7528\u98de\u673a\u8fdb\u884c\u7a7a\u4e2d\u6444\u5f71\u7684\u53eb\u822a\u7a7a\u6444\u5f71\u3002",
            pic: 'https:\/\/gss0.bdstatic.com\/94o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/w%3D268\/sign=1210d12b64d0f703e6b292da30fa5148\/500fd9f9d72a6059bd2e66262e34349b033bbad4.jpg',
            url: '',
            qqPic: 'https:\/\/gss0.bdstatic.com\/94o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D264%2C264%2C50\/sign=78fd2b29ba315c6043c038afeb8cf925\/500fd9f9d72a6059bd2e66262e34349b033bbad4.jpg',
            newLemmaId: '6390666',
            lemmaTitle: '航空摄影测量'
        });
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var nslog = require("wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog");
    var testElem = require('wiki-common:widget/component/testElem/testElem');
    var cmsModuleLoader = require('wiki-common:widget/component/cmsModuleLoader/cmsModuleLoader');

    function requireAsync() {
        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement']);
    }

    cmsModuleLoader('/api/wikiui/getlemmaconfig', [{
        name: 'announcement',
        script: 'wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement.js'
    }]);

    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/lazyLoad/lazyLoad"], function(LazyLoad) {
        new LazyLoad();
    });

    require.async(['wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog','wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'], function(nslog, $) {
        nslog().setGlobal({
            lemmaId: "352202",
            newLemmaId: "6390666",
            subLemmaId: "352202",
            lemmaTitle: "航空摄影测量"
        });

        // 词条页 pv
        nslog(9322);

        // 新版头部pv(小流量)
        if ($('.pc-header-new').length > 0) {
            nslog(9069);
        }

        // 链接点击 pv
        var lemmaPageRegExp = new RegExp(/\/subview\/\d+|\/view\/\d+|\/item\//i);
        $('body').on('mousedown', 'a', function() {
            var href = $(this).attr('href');
            if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0) {
                // 链接点击 pv
                nslog(10000001);
                if (lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                    // 词条页链接点击 pv
                    nslog(10000002, window.location.href, {
                        targetTitle: $(this).text()
                    });
                }
            }
        });

        /****** 词条页站内流转需求统计 start ******/
        (function () {
            // 各种统计配置
            var circulationLinkCfg = {
                innerLink: [ // 内链
                    '.para',
                    '.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeMovie',
                    '.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeStar',
                    '.basic-info .basicInfo-block',
                    '.lemma-summary',
                    '.lemmaWgt-lemmaSummary',
                    '.view-tip-panel',
                    '.horizontal-module',
                    '.lemmaWgt-roleIntroduction',
                    '.dramaSeries .dramaSerialList',
                    '.module-music',
                    '.table-view',
                    '[log-set-param="table_view"]',
                    '.list-module',
                    '.cell-module',
                    '.baseBox .dl-baseinfo', // 配置后台字段
                    '.pvBtn-box .leadPVBtnWrapper',
                    '.drama-actor',
                    '#staffList',
                    '.starMovieAndTvplay',
                    '.main_tab:not(.main_tab-defaultTab)' // 除去词条tab外的tab
                ],
                relationTable: '.rs-container-foot', // 关系表
                peopleRelation: '.star-info-block.relations, .lemmaWgt-focusAndRelation', // 人物关系(明星+普通)
                moduleActors: '.featureBaseInfo .actors, .lemmaWgt-majorActors', // 主要演员、嘉宾、主持人
                moduleWorks: '.featureBaseInfo .works, .large-feature .works', // 代表作品
                moduleQuarterly: '.featureBaseInfo .po_quarterly, .mian_quarterly', // 分季介绍
                rankStar: '.rank-list.stars-rank', // 明星榜
                rankDrama: '.drama-rank-list', // 电视剧榜
                specialTopic: '.special-topic', // 专题模块
                modDetailTable: '#modDetailTable', // 关系表出图
                chuizhitu: '.chuizhitu', // 垂直化模块
                polysemantList: '.polysemantList-wrapper' // 义项切换
            };
            /****** 连接统计 ******/
            function clickNslogFn() {
                for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
                    if (k === 'innerLink') {
                        // 词条内链到词条页
                        var tempArr = circulationLinkCfg[k];
                        for (var i = 0, l = tempArr.length; i < l; i++) {
                            tempArr[i] += ' a';
                        }
                        var sSelector = tempArr.join(', ');

                        $('body').on('mousedown', sSelector, {key: k},function(e) {
                            var key = e.data.key;
                            var href = $(this).attr('href');
                            var tar = $(this).attr('target') || '';
                            if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0
                            && tar === '_blank' && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                                // 词条页普通内链点击 pv
                                nslog(10000004, null ,{division: key});
                            }
                        });
                    } else {
                        // 模块到词条页链接
                        $(circulationLinkCfg[k]).on('mousedown', 'a', {key: k}, function (e) {
                            var key = e.data.key;
                            var href = $(this).attr('href');
                            if (href && href.indexOf('#') !== 0 && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                                // 词条页配置模块链接点击 pv
                                nslog(10000004, null, {division: key});
                            }
                        });
                    }
                }
            }
            // 发起统计请求
            clickNslogFn();

            /****** 各模块展现量pv ******/
            function checkModuleIsShow() {
                var result = [];
                for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
                    if (k !== 'innerLink' && k !== 'relationTable') {
                        !!$(circulationLinkCfg[k]).html() && result.push(k);
                    }
                }
                if (result.length > 0) {
                    nslog(10000005, null, {showModules: result.join(',')});
                }
            }
            checkModuleIsShow();

        })();
        /****** 词条页站内流转需求统计 end ******/

    });

    // 广告接入 wikiad 统一加载
    // log 词条页广告被拦截情况(此处 log 请求行为)
    nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
        api: 'lemma-ad',
        action: 'request'
    });
    var tags = {"1":{"tagId":76572,"tagName":"\u79d1\u5b66\u767e\u79d1\u822a\u7a7a\u822a\u5929\u5206\u7c7b"},"0":{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u79d1\u5b66"},"2":{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u5b66\u79d1"}};
    var tagsArray = [];
    for (var key in tags) {
        tagsArray.push(tags[key].tagName);
    }
    $.ajax({
        type: 'GET',
        url: '/api/wikiad/getsquirrels',
        data: {
            lemmaId: 6390666,
            tags: tagsArray.join()
        },
        cache: false,
        dataType: 'JSON',
        success: function (res) {
            // log 词条页广告被拦截情况(此处 log 请求成功)
            nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
                api: 'lemma-ad',
                action: 'success'
            });

            if (!res.errno) {
                if (res.data[5]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightPreciseAd/rightPreciseAd'], function(rightPreciseAd) {
                        rightPreciseAd(res.data[5]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[5][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[5][0].name,
                            adPos: 5
                        });
                    });
                } else if (res.data[1]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/vbaike/vbaike'], function(vbaike) {
                        vbaike(res.data[1]);
                        for(var i in res.data[1]) {
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[1][i].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[1][i].name,
                                adPos: 1
                            });
                        }
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[9]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightBigAd/rightBigAd'], function(rightBigAd) {
                        rightBigAd(res.data[9]);
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[9][0].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[9][0].name,
                                adPos: 9
                            });
                    });
                                    } else if(res.data[2]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/slide/slide'], function(slide) {
                        slide(res.data[2]);
                        for(var i in res.data[2]) {
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[2][i].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[2][i].name,
                                adPos: 2
                            });
                        }
                    });
                }
                if (res.data[3]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/topAd/topAd'], function(topAd) {
                        topAd(res.data[3]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[3][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[3][0].name,
                            adPos: 3
                        });
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[4]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightAd/rightAd'], function(rightAd) {
                        rightAd(res.data[4]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[4][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[4][0].name,
                            adPos: 4
                        });
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[15]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/banner/banner'], function(banner) {
                        banner(res.data[15]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[15][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[15][0].name,
                            adPos: 15
                        });
                    });
                }
                if (res.data[16]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/declaration/declaration'], function(declaration) {
                        declaration(res.data[16]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[16][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[16][0].name,
                            adPos: 16
                        });
                    })
                }
            } else {
                return;
            }

            setTimeout(function () {
                var elemArr = {};
                res.data[1] && res.data[1].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-vbaike-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-vbaike .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
                res.data[2] && res.data[2].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-slide-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-slide .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
                res.data[3] && res.data[3].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-navbar-ad'] = {
                    node: $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').get(0),
                    validations: {
                        'noBackgroundImage': function() {
                            return $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').css('background-image').indexOf(res.data[3][0].picUrl) < 0
                        }
                    }
                });
                res.data[4] && res.data[4].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-side-ad'] = {
                    node: $('.right-ad img').get(0),
                    validations: {
                        'noBackgroundImage': function() {
                            return $('.right-ad img').attr('src').indexOf(res.data[4][0].picUrl) < 0
                        }
                    }
                });
                res.data[15] && res.data[15].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-banner'] = $('.configModuleBanner').get(0));
                res.data[16] && res.data[16].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-declaration'] = $('.lemmaWgt-declaration').get(0));

                testElem.log(elemArr, 70000102);
            }, 1000);
        },
        error: function () {
            // log 词条页广告被拦截情况(此处 log 请求失败)
            nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
                api: 'lemma-ad',
                action: 'error'
            });
        }
    });

    // 设置分享内容
    window.BKShare.setCommon({
        bdText: "\u3010\u822a\u7a7a\u6444\u5f71\u6d4b\u91cf_\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\u3011\u822a\u7a7a\u6444\u5f71\u6d4b\u91cf\uff08aerial photogrammetry\uff09\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5728\u98de\u673a\u4e0a\u7528\u822a\u6444\u4eea\u5668\u5bf9\u5730\u9762\u8fde\u7eed\u6444\u53d6\u50cf\u7247\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u5730\u9762\u63a7\u5236\u70b9\u6d4b\u91cf\u3001\u8c03\u7ed8\u548c\u7acb\u4f53\u6d4b\u7ed8\u7b49\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u7ed8\u5236\u51fa\u5730\u5f62\u56fe\u7684\u4f5c\u4e1a\u3002\u7a7a\u4e2d\u6444\u5f71\u662f\u5229\u7528\u98de\u673a\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u98de\u884c\u5668\uff08\u5982\u6c14\u7403\u3001\u4eba\u9020\u536b\u661f\u548c\u5b87\u5b99\u98de\u8239\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e0a\u88c5\u8f7d\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u6444\u5f71\u673a\u5bf9\u5730\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u6444\u5f71\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u50cf\u7247\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7528\u98de\u673a\u8fdb\u884c\u7a7a\u4e2d\u6444\u5f71\u7684\u53eb\u822a\u7a7a\u6444\u5f71\u3002.....\uff08\u5206\u4eab\u81ea@\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\uff09",
        bdDesc: '',
        bdUrl: 'http:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F\/6390666',
        bdPic: '',
        onBeforeClick: function (){
            $('.bdshare_dialog_box').hide();
        }
    });

    // 底部投诉带入当前页面 url
    var map = [1, 2, 6, 5];
    $('.wgt-footer-main .suggestion').find('a').each(function(i) {
        $(this).attr('href', 'http://help.baidu.com/newadd?word=%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F' + '&&submit_link=' + encodeURIComponent(window.location.href) + '&prod_id=10&category=' + map[i]);
    });

    // 为超出预设内容的表格添加table-responsive控制
    $('.main-content').find('table').each(function(index) {
        var $that = $(this);
        if ($that.width() > 790) {
            $that.wrap('<div class="table-responsive"></div>');
        }
    });
}();
!function(){      require('wiki-common:widget/component/psLink/psLink');
    }();
!function(){      require('wiki-common:widget/component/recruitment/recruitment');
    }();</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
  var Hunter = window.Hunter || {};
  Hunter.userConfig = Hunter.userConfig || [];
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  // DOM Ready时,统计用户可操作时间。
  alog('speed.set', 'drt', +new Date);

  void function(a,b,c,d,e,f){function g(b){a.attachEvent?a.attachEvent("onload",b,!1):a.addEventListener&&a.addEventListener("load",b)}function h(a,c,d){d=d||15;var e=new Date;e.setTime((new Date).getTime()+1e3*d),b.cookie=a+"="+escape(c)+";path=/;expires="+e.toGMTString()}function i(a){var c=b.cookie.match(new RegExp("(^| )"+a+"=([^;]*)(;|$)"));return null!=c?unescape(c[2]):null}function j(){var a=i("PMS_JT");if(a){h("PMS_JT","",-1);try{a=a.match(/{["']s["']:(\d+),["']r["']:["']([\s\S]+)["']}/),a=a&&a[1]&&a[2]?{s:parseInt(a[1]),r:a[2]}:{}}catch(c){a={}}a.r&&b.referrer.replace(/#.*/,"")!=a.r||alog("speed.set","wt",a.s)}}if(a.alogObjectConfig){var k=a.alogObjectConfig.sample,l=a.alogObjectConfig.rand;d="https:"===a.location.protocol?"https://fex.bdstatic.com"+d:"http://fex.bdstatic.com"+d,k&&l&&l>k||(g(function(){alog("speed.set","lt",+new Date),e=b.createElement(c),e.async=!0,e.src=d+"?v="+~(new Date/864e5)+~(new Date/864e5),f=b.getElementsByTagName(c)[0],f.parentNode.insertBefore(e,f)}),j())}}(window,document,"script","/hunter/alog/dp.min.js");
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